Résumés
Résumé
Une sociologie historique comparative des processus d’industrialisation à Shanghai et à Calcutta entre 1880 et 1939 montre que la primauté causale donnée au capitalisme par la théorie de la reproduction sociale pour expliquer la subordination des femmes s’avère empiriquement infondée. Alors qu’à Shanghai l’industrialisation fait largement appel à de la main-d’oeuvre féminine soumise à des rapports de sexage façonnés par leurs familles et repris par leurs employeurs, à Calcutta, au contraire, le processus d’industrialisation est caractérisé par un très faible taux de participation des femmes au travail salarié. Non seulement peut-on placer la genèse de ces rapports de sexage avant le capitalisme, mais leur variation débouche sur des structures occupationnelles et une division sexuelle du travail différenciées, suggérant que le développement capitaliste est dépendant de sentiers tracés par les rapports de sexage. Puisque la forme spécifique prise par les rapports de sexage fait varier, de manière indépendante, l’utilisation de la main-oeuvre féminine par le capitalisme, nous en concluons que le postulat voulant que le capitalisme a internalisé les rapports sociaux de sexe doit être rejetté au profit d’une approche conférant une réelle autonomie causale au sexage.
Mots-clés :
- Reproduction sociale,
- sexage,
- femmes et industrialisation,
- Shanghai,
- Calcutta
Abstract
A comparative historical sociology of the industrialization processes in Shanghai and Calcutta between 1880 and 1939 shows that the causal primacy given to capitalism by the social reproduction theory to explain women’s subordination is empirically unfounded. While industrialization in Shanghai relied heavily on a female labor force subjected to a gendered familial control that was reinstated by their capitalist employers, in Calcutta, on the contrary, the industrialization process was characterized by a very low rate of female participation in wage labor. Not only can the genesis of these gender relations be placed before capitalism, but their variation leads to strongly differentiated occupational structures and sexual division of labor, suggesting that capitalist development is shaped by historical paths created by gender relations. Since the the use of female labor by capitalism independently varies in function of the specific form taken by gender relations, we conclude that the assumption that capitalism has internalized gender relations must be rejected in favor of an approach that gives gender a real causal autonomy.
Keywords:
- Social reproduction,
- Sexing,
- Women and industrialization,
- Shanghai,
- Calcutta
Resumen
La sociología histórica – comparativa de los procesos de industrialización en Shangai y Calcuta entre 1880 y 1939, que otorga al capitalismo la preeminencia causal al momento de explicar la subordinación de las mujeres de acuerdo a la teoría de la reproducción social, es empíricamente infundada. Considerando que en Shangai la industrialización recurrió intensamente en la búsqueda de la mano de obra femenina sometida a las relaciones de lo sexuado, modeladas por sus familias y continuadas por sus empleadores, en Calcuta, de manera opuesta, el proceso de industrialización se caracteriza por una tasa de participación muy baja de las mujeres en el trabajo salariado. No solamente podemos situar el origen de estas relaciones de lo sexuado antes del capitalismo, sino también considerar que su variación se desliga de las estructuras ocupacionales y de la división sexual del trabajo diferenciado, sugiriendo que el desarrollo capitalista depende de la dirección trazada por las relaciones de lo sexuado. Debido a que la forma específica que adquieren las relaciones de lo sexuado puede variar de manera independiente a la utilización por parte del capitalismo de la mano de obra femenina, concluimos rechazando el postulado según el cual el capitalismo internalizó las relaciones sociales de sexo, planteando en cambio una aproximación que confiere una autonomía real-causal a lo sexuado.
Palabras clave:
- Reproducción social,
- lo sexuado,
- mujeres e industrialización,
- Shangai,
- Calcuta
Parties annexes
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