Résumés
Résumé
Les homicides-suicides sont des événements aussi graves qu’exceptionnels. À l’interface de la criminologie et de la suicidologie, leur étude et leur prévention butent sur une indistinction de statut : sont-ils à considérer comme une sous-catégorie du suicide ou comme une entité à part entière ? Pour le clarifier, nous avons mené une méta-analyse de l’ensemble des articles comparant les facteurs de risque de suicide et d’homicide-suicide afin de discerner si certains d’entre eux étaient plus spécifiques de l’un ou de l’autre des événements. Treize articles ont été inclus dans l’analyse finale. Le sexe masculin, l’appartenance à une minorité culturelle et les antécédents judiciaires étaient plus spécifiquement associés à l’homicide-suicide qu’au suicide. De même, le suicide survenait plus fréquemment à domicile et impliquait des moyens plus violents lorsqu’il était précédé d’un homicide. En revanche, les problèmes de santé physique, les antécédents de dépression, de tentative de suicide et de consommation de substances psychoactives augmentaient le risque de suicide davantage que celui d’homicide-suicide. À l’appui des présents résultats, nous proposons de revisiter la dualité homicide-suicide/suicide en l’inscrivant dans un modèle intégré. Sous cette perspective, les deux événements pourraient être lus comme l’issue dramatique d’une même tension psychique critique que favoriseraient des facteurs prédisposant aspécifiques. La forme du passage à l’acte ne dépendrait alors de l’influence que de certains de ces facteurs, dits facteurs orientants. Les implications que cette modélisation pourrait avoir en termes de recherche sont ici discutées.
Mots-clés :
- Homicide-suicide,
- suicide,
- facteur de risque
Abstract
Although rare, homicide-suicides are dramatic events. Both studied through the lens of suicidology and criminology, their hybrid nature tends hinder research and prevention efforts : are they to be considered as a subcategory of suicide or as a separate entity ? To clarify the question, we carried out a meta-analysis of the literature comparing homicide-suicide and suicide risk factors. The goal was to ascertain whether some of these factors could predict one or the other outcome with more specificity. The analysis included 13 references, and a mean number of cases of 262 homicides-suicides (± 802) and 59 539 suicides (± 32 117). Male gender, belonging to an ethnic or cultural minority and past legal issues predicted homicides-suicides more than suicides. Similarly, suicides were more likely to be preceded by a homicide when occurring at the home place, or when implying violent death methods. Conversely, physical health problems, as well as history of depression, suicide attempt or substance abuse increased the suicide risk in a greater extent than they did for homicide-suicide. Basing on these results, we suggest integrating the homicide-suicide/suicide duality in a single coherent model. Under this perspective, both events could be seen as the lethal result of a same critical psychic tension, mostly influenced by predisposing factors. The nature or the acting out would then depend on only some of these factors, so-called orienting factors. Implications of the model for research are discussed.
Keywords:
- Homicide-suicide,
- suicide,
- risk factor
Resumen
Los homicidios-suicidas son eventos tanto graves, como excepcionales. En la interfaz de la criminología con la suicidiología, su estudio y su prevención se enfrenta a una indistinción de estatus : ¿Deben éstos ser considerados como una sub-categoría del suicidio, o como una entidad completamente aparte ? Para aclararlo, condujimos un meta-análisis del conjunto de artículos, comparando sus factores de riesgo de suicidio y de homicidio-suicidio con el fin de discernir si algunos de ellos eran más específicos al uno o al otro de los eventos. Trece artículos fueron incluidos en el análisis final. El sexo masculino, la pertenencia a una minoría cultural y los antecedentes judiciales estaban asociados más específicamente al homicidio-suicida que al suicidio. Asimismo, el suicidio ocurría más frecuentemente en el domicilio, e implicaba medios más violentos cuando era precedido por un homicidio. En cambio, los problemas de salud física, los antecedentes de depresión, de tentativa de suicidio y de consumo de substancias psicoactivas aumentarían más el riesgo de suicidio que el de homicidio-suicidio. Basados en estos resultados, proponemos revisar la dualidad homicidio-suicidio/suicidio, inscribiéndola en un modelo integrado. Bajo esta perspectiva, los dos eventos podrían ser leídos como la continuación dramática de una misma tensión psíquica crítica que favorecería a factores predisponentes no específicos. La forma del paso al acto no dependería entonces sino de la influencia de algunos de estos factores, los llamados factores de orientación. Las implicaciones que esta modelización podría tener en términos de investigación son discutidos.
Palabras clave:
- Homicidio-suicidio,
- suicidio,
- factor de riesgo
Parties annexes
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