Résumés
Résumé
L’échelle auto-rapportée de psychopathie de Levenson (LSRP ; Levenson, Kiehl & Fitzpatrick, 1995) est un instrument visant à évaluer les traits de personnalité psychopathiques au sein de la population générale. Il conceptualise la psychopathie en deux facteurs distincts, mais interreliés, appelés psychopathie primaire et secondaire. La validité de l’instrument dans son format original est bien démontrée, mais aucune donnée n’est disponible en ce qui a trait à l’adaptation francophone de l’instrument. L’étude vise donc à évaluer la structure factorielle et la validité convergente de la version française auprès d’une population de jeunes adultes. Un échantillon de 2529 participants âgés de 15 à 26 ans remplissent l’échelle auto-rapportée de psychopathie, le NEO-FFI et répondent aussi à des questions sur leurs habitudes à l’égard de la consommation de substances psychoactives. Les résultats des analyses factorielles exploratoires et confirmatoires montrent que l’adaptation francophone respecte la structure en deux facteurs, avec des coefficients de saturation et de consistance interne pour les deux échelles se comparant à ceux de la version originale anglaise. Les modèles de mesure pour les hommes et les femmes se sont avérés partiellement invariants ; les hommes obtiennent des résultats supérieurs à ceux des femmes aux échelles de psychopathie primaire et totale. Enfin, le LSRP démontre de bons indices de validité convergente.
Mots-clés :
- Psychopathie,
- validité,
- analyses factorielles,
- personnalité,
- consommation de substances psychoactives
Abstract
The Levenson Self-Reported Psychopathy Scale (LSRP ; Levenson, Kiehl & Fitzpatrick, 1995) is designed to assess subclinical psychopathic personality traits in the general population. In this measure, psychopathy is conceptualized along two distinct but interrelated factors, referred to as primary and secondary psychopathy. Several studies support the psychometric properties of the original version ; however, none reported fidelity and convergent validity coefficients for the French adaptation of the LSRP. The current study aims to assess the factorial structure and convergent validity of the LSRP’s French adaptation in young adults. A sample of 2529 French-Canadian participants, aged between 15 and 26 years old, completed the LSRP, the NEO-FFI, and answered questions on psychoactive substance use. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the two-factor structure of the instrument. In addition, internal consistency coefficients from the original version were replicated. Measurement models for women and men were partially invariant, but men scored significantly higher than women on primary psychopathy and on the total scale. Finally, the LSRP showed good convergent validity coefficients. The French adaptation of the Levenson Self-Reported Psychopathy Scale shows good psychometric properties and results are similar to those obtained in the original version.
Keywords:
- Psychopathy,
- validity,
- factor analyses,
- personality,
- psychoactive substances use
Resumen
La escala auto-reportada de psicopatía de Levenson (LSRP ; Levenson, et al., 1995) es un instrumento que pretende evaluar los rasgos de personalidad psicopáticos en el seno de la población general. Ésta conceptualiza la psicopatía en dos factores distintos, pero interrelacionados, llamados psicopatía primaria y secundaria. La validez del instrumento en su forma original está bien demostrada, pero ninguna información se encuentra disponible en lo que respecta a la adaptación francófona del instrumento. Por lo tanto, el estudio apunta a evaluar la estructura factorial y la validez convergente de la versión francesa en la población de adultos jóvenes. Una muestra de 2.529 participantes con edades comprendidas entre 15 y 26 años completan la escala auto-reportada de psicopatía, la NEO-FFI, y responden también a preguntas sobre las costumbres del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Los resultados de los análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios muestran que la adaptación francófona respeta la estructura en dos factores, con coeficientes de saturación y de consistencia interna para las dos escalas comparables a aquéllas de la versión original en inglés. Los modelos de medida para los hombres y las mujeres se han mostrado parcialmente invariables ; los hombres obtienen resultados superiores a los de las mujeres en las escalas de psicopatía primaria y total. Finalmente, le LSRP demuestra buenos índices de validez convergente.
Palabras clave:
- Psicopatía,
- validez,
- análisis factoriales,
- personalidad,
- consumo de sustancias psicoactivas
Parties annexes
Références
- Babiak, P., & Hare, R. D. (2007). Snakes in suits : When psychopaths go to work. New York, NY : HaperCollins Publishers Inc.
- Bagozzi, R. P. (1983). Issues in the Application of Covariance Structure Analysis : A Further Comment. Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 449-450.
- Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., Hicks, B. M., Blonigen, D. M., & Krueger, R. F. (2003). Factor structure of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory : Validity and implications for clinical assessment. Psychological Assessment, 15, 340-350.
- Bentler, P. M. (2005). EQS structural equation program model. Enrico, CA : Multivariate Software.
- Blonigen, D. M., Carlson, M. D., Hicks, B. M., Krueger, R. F., & Iacono, W. G. (2008). Stability and change in personality traits from late adolescence to early adulthood : A longitudinal twin study. Journal of Personality, 76, 229-266.
- Bolt, D., Hare, R. D., Vitale, J. E., & Newman, J. P. (2004). A multigroup item response theory analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Psychological Assessment, 16, 155-168.
- Brinkley, C. A., Newman, J. P., Widiger, T. A., & Lynam, D. R. (2004). Two approaches to parsing the heterogeneity of psychopathy. Clinical Psychology : Science and Practice, 11, 69-94. doi : 10.1093/clipsy/bph054
- Brinkley, C. A., Diamon, P. M., Magaletta, P. R., & Heigel, C. P. (2008). Cross-Validation of Levenson’s Psychopathy Scale in a sample of federal female inmates. Assessment, 15, 464-482.
- Brinkley, C. A., Schmitt, W. A., Smith, S. S., & Newman, J. P. (2001). Construct validation of a self-reported psychopathy scale : Does Levenson’s self-reported psychopathy scale measure the same constructs as Hare’s psychopathy checklist-revised ? Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 1021-1038.
- Buss, D. (1993). Ways to curtail employee theft. Nation’s Business, 81, 36-37.
- Byrne, B. M. (1994). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows : Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage.
- Byrne, B. M. (2006). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows : Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2ème éd.). Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage.
- Caponecchia, C., Sun, A.Y.Z., & Wyatt, A. (2012). “Psychopaths” at work ? Implications of lay persons’ use of labels and behavioural criteria for psychopathy. Journal of Business and Ethic, 107, 399-408.
- Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464–504.
- Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255.
- Cleckley, H. (1976). The mask of sanity (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO : Mosby.
- Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources.
- Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (2010). NEO PI-3 : Professional manual : Revised NEO PI-3 and NEO-FFI-3. Florida : Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
- Decuyper, M., De Clercq, B., De Bolle, M., & De Fruyt, F. (2009). Validation of FFM PD counts for Screening personality pathology and psychopathy in adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 587–605.
- Egan, V. & Angus, S. (2004). Is social dominance a sex-specific strategy for infidelity ? Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 575-586.
- Fornell, C. (1983). Issues in the Application of Covariance Structure Analysis : A Comment. Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 443-447.
- Forouzan, E., & Cooke, D. J. (2005). Figuring out la femme fatale : Conceptual and assessment issues concerning psychopathy in females. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 23, 765-778.
- Forth, A. E., Brown, S. L., Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1996). The assessment of psychopathy in male and female noncriminals : Reliability and validity. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 531-543.
- Gummelt, H. D., Anestis, J. C., & Carbonell, J. L. (2012). Examining the Levenson Self Report Psychopathy Scale using a Graded Response Model. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 1002-1006.
- Hall, J. R. & Benning, S. D. (2006). The “Successful” Psychopath : Adaptive and Subclinical Manifestations of Psychopathy in the General Population. Dans C. J. Patrick (Éd.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 459-478). New York, NY : The Guilford Press.
- Hare, R. D. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL–R). Toronto : Multi-Health Systems.
- Hare, R. D. (1993). Without conscience : The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. New York, NY : The Guilford Press.
- Hare, R. D. (2003). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Toronto : Multi-Hearlth Systems.
- Hare, R. D., Harpur, T. J., & Hemphill, J. D. (1989). Scoring pamphlet for the Self-Report Psychopathy scale : SRP-II. (Document inédit). Vancouver : Simon Fraser University.
- Harpur, T. J., Hare, R. D., & Hakistian, A. R. (1989). Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy : Construct validity and assessment implications. Psychological Assessment, 1, 6-17.
- Harpur, T. J., Hakstian, A. R., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Factor structure of the Psychopathy Checklist. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 741-747.
- Hart, S. D. & Hare, R. D. (1994). Psychopathy and de big 5 : Correlations beween observers’ ratings of normal and pathological personality. Journal of Personality Disorders, 8, 32-40.
- Hill, C. D., Neumann, C. S., & Rogers, R. (2004). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist : Screening version in offenders with Axis I disorders. Psychological Assessment, 16, 90-95.
- Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Meehan, J. C., Herron, K., Rehaman, J. C., & Stuart, G. L. (2003). Do subtypes of maritally violent men continue to differ over time ? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 728-740.
- Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
- Jackson, R., & Richards, H. (2007). Psychopathy in women : A valid construct with clear implications. Dans H. Hervé & J. C. Yuille (Éds.), The psychopath : Theory, research, and practice (pp. 389-410). Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Jonason, P. K. & Buss, D. M. (2012). Avoiding entangling commitments : Tactics for implementing a short-term mating strategy. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 606-610.
- Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The Dirty Dozen : A Concise measure of the Dark Triad. Psychological Assessment, 22, 420-432. doi : 10.1037/a0019265
- Karpman, B. (1948). The myth of the psychopathic personality. American Journal of Psychiatry, 104, 523-534.
- Kastner, R. M., & Sellbom, M. (2012). Hypersexuality in college strudents : The role of psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 644-649.
- Kline, R. B. (2010). Promise and pitfalls of structural equation modeling in gifted research. Dans B. Thompson & R. F. Subotnik (Éds), Methodologies for conducting research on giftedness (pp. 147-169). Washington, DC : American Psychological Association.
- Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2005). Psychopathy, machiavellianism, and narcissism in the five-factor model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1571–1582.
- Lee, Z. & Salekin, R. T. (2010). Personality Disorders : Theory, Research, and Treatment, 1, 153-169.
- Levenson, M. R., Kiehl, K. A., & Fitzpatrick, C. M. (1995). Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 151-158.
- Lilienfeld, S. O., & Andrews, B. P. (1996). Development and preliminary validation of a self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncriminal populations. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 488-524.
- Little, T. D., Card, N. A., Slegers, D. W., & Ledford, E. C. (2007). Modeling contextual effects with multiple-group MACS models. Dans T. D. Little, J. A. Bovaird, & N. A. Card (Éds.), Modeling ecological and contextual effects in longitudinal studies of human development (pp. 121–147). Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum.
- Lykken, D. T. (1995). The Antisocial Personalities. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum.
- Lynam, D. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Raine, A., Loeber, R. & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2005). Adolescent Psychopathy and the Big Five : Results from Two Samples. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 431–443.
- Lynam, D. R., Whiteside, S. & Jones, S. (1999). Self-reported psychopathy : A validation study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 73, 110-132.
- Marion, B. E. & Sellbom, M. (2012). An examination of Gender-Moderated test bias on the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93, 235-243.
- Miller, J. D., Gaughan, E. T., & Pryor, L. R. (2008). The Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale : An examination of the personality traits and disorders associated with the LSRP factors. Assessment, 15, 450–463.
- Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Widiger, T. A., & Leukefeld, C. (2001). Personality disorders as extreme variants of common personality dimensions : Can the Five-Factor Model adequately represent psychopathy ? Journal of Personality, 69, 253-276.
- O’Boyle, E. H., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., & McDaniel, M. A. (2012). A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior : A social exchange perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 557-579.
- Patrick, C. J. (1994). Emotion and psychopathy : Starling new insights. Psychophysiology, 31, 415-428.
- Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality : Narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556–563.
- Poon, J. M. L. (2003). Situational antecedents and outcomes of organizational politics perceptions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18, 138-155.
- Quinsey, V. L. (2002). Evolutionary theory and criminal behaviour. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 7, 1-13.
- Raju, N. S., Laffitte, L. J., & Byrne, B. M. (2002). Measurement equivalence : A comparison of methods based on confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 517-529.
- Raykov, T. (2004). Behavioral scale reliability and measurement invariance evaluation using latent variable modeling. Behavior Therapy, 35, 299–331.
- Reddy, S. K. (1992). Effects of ignoring correlated measurement error in structural equation models. Education and Psychological Measurment, 52, 449-570. doi : 10.1177/0013164492052003005
- Ribeiro da Silva, D., Rijo, D., & Salekin, R. T. (2013). Child and adolescent psychopathy : Assessment issues and treatment needs. Aggression and violent behavior, 18, 71-78.
- Sabourin, S., & Lussier, Y. (1992). French translation of the Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). (Document inédit).Québec : Université Laval.
- Sabourin, S., & Lussier, Y. (1998). Traduction du Levenson Self-Reported Psychopathy Scale. (Document inédit). Québec : Université Laval.
- Salekin, R. T., & Lynam, D. R. (2010). Child and adolescent psychopathy : An introduction. Dans R. T. Salekin & D. R. Lynam (Éds.), Handbook of child and adolescent psychopathy (pp. 1–12). New York, NY : Guilford Press.
- Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. W. (1997). Construct validity of psychopathy in female offender sample : A multitrait-multimethod evaluation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 576-585.
- Salekin, R. T., Rosenbaum, J. & Lee, Z. (2012). Child and Adolescent Psychopathy : Stability and Change. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 15, 224–236.
- Salekin, R. T., Trobst, K. K., & Krioukova, M. (2001). Construct validity of psychopathy in a community sample : A nomological net approach. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15, 425-441.
- Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., de la Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) : WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption-II. Addiction, 88, 791-804.
- Savard, C., Lussier, Y., Sabourin, S., & Brassard, A. (2005, juin). French Canadian validation of the Levenson self-report psychopathy scale. Affiche présentée au 66ème congrès annuel de la Société canadienne de psychologie. Montréal.
- Savard, C., Sabourin, S., & Lussier, Y. (2004, novembre). La relation entre les traits de personnalité psychopathiques et la détresse conjugale. Affiche présentée à la rencontre scientifique annuelle du Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles (CRIPCAS). Montréal.
- Savard, C., Sabourin, S., & Lussier, Y. (2006). Male sub-threshold psychopathic traits and couple distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 931-942.
- Savard, C., Sabourin, S., & Lussier, Y. (2011). Correlates of psychopathic traits in community couples. Personality and Mental Health, 5, 186-199.
- Schmitt, N., & Kuljanin, G. (2008). Measurement invariance : Review of practice and implications. Human Resource Management Review, 18, 210-222.
- Sellbom, M. (2011). Elaborating on the construct validity of the Levenson Self-Reported Psychopathy Scale in incarcerated and non-incarcerated samples. Law and Human Behavior, 35, 440-451.
- Snyder, D. K. & Regts, J. M. (1990). Personality correlates of marital dissatisfaction : A comparison of psychiatric, maritally distressed, and nonclinic samples. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 16, 34-43.
- Stevens, G. W., Deuling, J. K., & Armenakis, A. A. (2012). Successful Psychopaths : Are They Unethical Decision-Makers and Why ?. Journal of Business Ethics, 105, 139-149.
- Strand, S., & Belfrage, H. (2005). Gender differences in psychopathy in a Swedish offender sample. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 23, 837-850.
- Swain, S. D., Weathers, D., & Niedrich, R. W. (2008). Assessing three sources of misresponse to reversed Likert items. Journal of Marketing Research, 45, 116-131.
- Tabachnik, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4ème éd). Needham Heights, MA : Allyn & Bacon.
- Tepper, J. B. (2007). Abusive supervision in work organizations : Review, synthesis, and research agenda. Journal of Management, 33, 261-294.
- Tomarken, A. J., & Waller, N. G. (2003). Potential problems with “well fitting” models. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 578–598.
- Vachon, D. D., Lynam, D. R., Widiger, T. A., Miller, J. D., McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2013). Basic traits predict the prevalence of personality disorder across the life span : The example of psychopathy. Psychological Science, 24, 698-705.
- Verona, E., & Vitale, J. (2006). Psychopathy in women : Assessment, manifestations, and etiology. Dans C. J. Patrick (Éd.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 415–436). New York, NY : Guilford.
- Warren, J. I., Burnette, M. L., South, S. C., Chauhan, P., Bale, R., Friend, R., & Van Patten, I. (2003). Psychopathy in women : Structural modeling and comorbidity. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 26, 223-242.
- Widiger, T. A. (1998). Psychopathy and normal personality. Dans D. J. Cooke, A. E. Forthe, & R. D. Hare (Éds.), Psychopathy : Theory, research and implications for society (pp. 47-68). Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishing.
- Widiger, T. A., & Lynam, D. R. (2003). Psychopathy and the Five-Factor Model of personality. Dans T. Millon, E. Simonsen, M. Birket-Smith, & R. D. Davis (Éds.), Psychopathy : Antsocial, criminal, and violent behaviour (pp. 171-187). New York, NY : The Guilford Press.