Résumés
Résumé
L’objectif de cet article est de comprendre les effets sur un groupe de mormons polygames fondamentalistes établis à Bountiful, en Colombie-Britannique, d’allégations d’entorses aux lois. Ces allégations vont du trafic de jeunes femmes entre le Canada et les États-Unis afin de les marier à des hommes polygames plus âgés qu’elles aux sévices physiques et sexuels sur des enfants, des adolescents et des femmes. Des entretiens avec des membres de ce groupe ainsi que l’analyse documentaire du journal de la communauté, des échanges sur le forum de discussion Web du groupe et des principaux journaux et périodiques canadiens et étatsuniens de 1990 à 2006 ont permis de documenter les allégations et de cerner les réactions du groupe. Celles-ci sont distinguées en deux périodes, un premier temps où le groupe a réagi par un retrait silencieux, puis un second où la contestation a dominé. Ces réactions sont décrites, analysées et illustrées à l’aide d’extraits d’entretiens et d’échanges Web.
Abstract
This article seeks to understand the impact of allegations of illegal conduct on a group of polygamous Fundamentalist Mormons established in Bountiful, British Columbia. These allegations include the illegal passage of young women between Canada and the United States in order to provide older polygamous men with young wives, as well as the sexual and physical abuse of children, adolescents and women. Interviews with group members, analysis of the writings of the group and of the discussions held by members of the group on a WEB Forum, as well as a review of the principal Canadian and American periodicals and newspapers from 1990 to 2006 are used to identify the allegations and outline the group’s reactions. Two distinct types of reactions to the allegations are identified, the first being a silent retreat, which was followed by a reaction of contestation. These reactions are described, analysed and illustrated with the help of extracts from interviews and Web exchanges.
Resumen
Este artículo tiene por objetivo comprender el impacto de diversos alegatos relativos a violaciones a la ley sobre un grupo de mormones fundamentalistas polígamos establecidos en Bountiful, Columbia Británica. Dichos alegatos van del tráfico de mujeres jóvenes entre Canadá y Estados Unidos con el fin de casaras con hombres polígamos mayores que ellas a abusos físicos y sexuales sobre menores, adolescentes y mujeres. Entrevistas a miembros de este grupo así como un análisis documental del periódico de la comunidad, de intercambios en el foro de discusión web del grupo y de los principales diarios y periódicos canadienses y estadounidenses de 1990 a 2006 han permitido documentar dichos alegatos e identificar las reacciones del grupo ante ellos. Dos tipos de reacción fueron identificados: en un primer tiempo, un repliegue silencioso del grupo; en un segundo tiempo, una actitud de protesta predominó. Estas reacciones son descritas, analizadas e ilustradas gracias a extractos de entrevistas e intercambios web.
Parties annexes
Références
- Armstrong, J. (30 septembre 2004). Mother fears sect’s hold over daughter : Fundamentalist group from Bountiful, B.-C., is building an isolated compound in Texas. The Globe and Mail, p. A-19.
- Armstrong, J. (27 octobre 2005). Bountiful’s children break out. Students from fundamentalist community bring new life to declining secular school. The Globe and Mail, p. A-4. <http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/ArticleNews/TPStory/LAC/20051027/BCBOUNTIFUL27/TPEducation/>
- Barker, E. (2002). Watching for violence : a comparative analysis of the roles of five types of cult-watching groups. In D. G. Bromley & G. Melton (eds.), Cults, religion & violence (123-148). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- Beaman, L. (2004). Church, State and the Legal Interpretation of Polygamy in Canada. Nova Religio, 8 (1), 20-38.
- Bell, S. (12 juillet 2002). Word is out’ Canada is a safe haven Prosecutors fear any case would fail Charter of Rights test. National Post, p. A-2.
- Beiser, V. (26 juillet 1999). The Perils of Polygamy. Maclean’s, p. 32.
- Betty, J. (4 septembre 2004). Rights tribunal agrees to hear polygamy case : Four ministries accused of failing to protect the girls and women of Bountiful. Vancouver Sun, <http://www.rickross.com/reference/polygamy/polygamy247.html>
- Bistline, G. B. (2004). The Polygamists : A History of Colorado City Arizona. Utah : Agreka.
- Blackmore, W. (2004). A Right to Live. North Star Chronicles,2 (9), p.1.
- Bramham, D. (29 mai 2004). B. C. is a safe haven for polygamists : But what about the women and children ? Vancouver Sun, p. 7.
- Bramham, D. (4 juin 2004) Utah A-G Declares War on Polygamy : B. V. Ignores Cult is Focus of Attention in U. S. Vancouver Sun, p. 4.
- Bramham, D. (15 juin 2004). Cabinet talks a signal of hope for child brides of Bountiful : A letter detailing abuse behind the cult’s veil has spurred the attorney-general to action. Vancouver Sun, <http://www.childbrides.org/canada_cabinet_talks_signal_of_hope.html>
- Bramham, D. (21 juillet 2004). Civil libertarians want Bountiful inquiry : For years, government has ignored reports of sex abuse, exploitation, denial of rights. Vancouver Sun, p. 11.
- Bramham, D. (7 août 2004). The Many Wives of Bountiful B. C.’S Attorney-General probing sect’s polygamy, Alledge Traffiking of Teenage Girls to U. S. Vancouver Sun, p. 7.
- Bramham, D. (15 décembre 2004). Bountiful schools get public funds, but government scrutiny is suspect. Vancouver Sun, p. 16.
- Bramham, D. (13 octobre 2005). Woman who left U. S. polygamous cult speaks at Vancouver film fest. Brandon Sun, <http://www.religionnewsblog.com/12454/woman-who-left-us-polygamous-cult-speaks-at-vancouver-film-fest>
- Brewin, A. (2004). Women’s Equality and Religious Freedom Consultation Report. West Coast : LEAF.
- British Colombia Teachers’ Federation (5 juillet 2004). Board Meeting : Report. Lister : BCTF.
- Bromley, D. G. (2001) A tale of two theories : brainwashing and conversion as competing political narratives. In B, Zablocki & T. Robbins (eds.), Misunderstanding cults : Searching for objectivity in a controversial field (318-348). Toronto : University of Toronto Press.
- Bromley, D. G. (2002). Dramatic Denouements. In D. G. Bromley & G. Melton (eds.), Cults, religion & violence (11-41). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- Cart, J. (18 août 2002). As activists gather, they say state’s inaction on the issue allows sexual assaults, child abuse, Welfare fraud to go unchecked. Los Angeles Times, <http://www.rickross.com/reference/polygamy/polygamy84.html>
- Casoni, D. (2000). Du paradis à l’enfer : étude des mécanismes psychologiques associés aux dérives sectaires. In J. Duhaime (ed.). La peur des sectes. Montréal : Éditions Fides.
- Campbell, A., Bala, N., Duvall-Antonacopoulos, K., MacRae, L., Paetsch, M., Bailey, J., Baines, B., Amani, B., & Kaufman, A. (2005). La polygamie au Canada : conséquences juridiques et sociales pour les femmes et les enfants. Recueil de rapports de recherche en matière de politiques. Edmonton : The Alberta Civil Liberties Research Center.
- Chattaway. P. T. (7 juillet 2004). B. C. urged to charge polygamists, Canadian Christianity, <http://www.canadianchristianity.com/cgibin/na.cgi?nationalupdates/040707polygamists>
- Committee on Polygamous Issues (1993). Life in Bountiful – A report on the lifestyle of a polygamous community, (préparé pour le Committee on Polygamous Issues, financé par le Ministry of Women’s Equality (C.-B.). Vancouver : CPI.
- Cook, R. (2006). La polygynie et les obligations du Canada en vertu du droit international en matière de droits de la personne. Toronto : Ministère de la Justice du Canada.
- D’Amour, M. (27 juillet 2004). Sect greets abuse probe : Polygamist leader says group will co-operate. Calgary Sun, p. 3.
- D’Amour, M. (1er août 2004). Polygamists defend lifestyle : Commune and town of Creston co-exist in a delicate economic balance. Calgary Sun, <http://www.religionnewsblog.com/8106/polygamists-defend-lifestyle>
- D’Amour, M. (2 août 2004). Human smuggling denied Critic charges girls trafficked as breeding stock. Calgary Sun, <http://www.rickross.com/reference/polygamy/polygamy231.html>
- Dawson, F (22 septembre 2000). Polygamists scoop teens Girls allegedly being wed to elders of church with communes in U. S. The Province, p. 3.
- Dougherty, J. (13 mars 2003). Bound by Fear : Polygamy in Arizona For decades the state has let a feudal colony of fundamentalist Mormons force underage girls into illegal polygamous marriages. Phoenix NewTimes.com <http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2003-03-13/news/bound-by-fear-polygamy-in-arizona/>
- Dougherty, J. (10 avril 2003). Polygamy in Arizona : The Wages of Sin. Phoenix New Times, p. A-5.
- Dougherty, J. (21 août 2003). Utah Targets Polyg Prophet While Arizona autorities languish, the Utah Attorney General’s Office focuses on the leader of the fundamentalist Mormon Church. Phoenix New Times, p. A-7.
- Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (2002). Self and Social Identity. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 161-186.
- Elsworth, C. (5 août 2004). North America - Canada - FLDS « Investigation launched into polygamous sect dubbed ‘Canada’s dirty little secret » Telegraph, p. A-13.
- Euringer, A. (18 novembre 2004). Leaving Bountiful : A rare, intimate interview with the rebellious first wife of the polygamous B. C. Mormon community’s longtime leader. The Tyee, <http://thetyee.ca/News/2004/11/18/LeavingBountiful/>
- Euringer, A. (26 mai 2006). Talking to ‘Lost Boys’ of Bountiful A conversation with two trying to make it outside. The Tyee, <http://thetyee.ca/News/2006/05/26/Bountiful/>
- Frazier, D., & Florio, G. (16 juillet 2005). Principle’ is Bedrock Law ; Men Take Multiple Wives ; Women are Taught to Comply. Rocky Mountain News (Denver), <http://www.rickross.com/reference/polygamy/polygamy362.html>
- French, J. (12 juin 2004). Cults abusive to women, children. Polygamist colonies. Edmonton Journal, <http://www.rickross.com/reference/polygamy/polygamy213.html>
- Hall, J. R. (1995). People’s Temple. In T. Miller (ed.), America’s alternative religions (303-311). Albany : State University of New York Press.
- Hall, J. R., & Schuyler, P. D. (1997). The Mystical apocalypse of the Solar Temple. In T. Robbins & S.J. Palmer (eds.), Millennium, messiah, and mayhem : contemporary apocalyptic movement (247-260). New York : Routledge.
- Hall, J. R, Schuyler, P. D., & Trinh, S. (2000). Apocalypse Observed. Religous movements and violence in North America, Europe and Japon. New York : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
- Hogg, M. A. (2001). A Social Identity Theory of Leadership. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5 (3), 184-200.
- Jacobs, M. (12 juin 2004). Blind eye turned to forced polygamy. The Edmonton Sun, p. A-5.
- Jacobs, M. (21 mai 2006). Put polygamy to constitutional test. The Edmonton Sun, <http://pages.usherbrooke.ca/sodrus/pdf/pdf_dossiers/Polygamie2.pdf>
- Jenkins, P. (1994). Using Murder : The Social Construction of Serial Homicide. New York : Preago.
- Kent, S. (2006). A Matter of Principle Fundamentalist Mormon Polygamy, Children, and Human Rights Debates. Nova Religio,10 (1), 7-29.
- La Presse (27 décembre 1990). Dénonciation d’une secte pratiquant la polygamie. La Presse, p. A-19.
- Latkin, C. (1991). From device to vice : social control and intergroup conflict at Rajneeshpuram. Sociological Analysis, 52 (4), 363-378.
- Lifton, R. J. (1999). Destroying the World to Save It. Aum Shinrikyo Apocalyptic Violence and the New Global Terrorism. New York : Owl Books.
- Luhtanen, M., McKay-Panos, L., & Seaman, B. (2005). Distincts et inégaux : les femmes et les enfants de la polygamie. Edmonton : The Alberta Civil Liberties Research Center.
- Mac Queen, K. (13 décembre 2004). The battle for Bountiful, Religion ; Polygamy, radicalism and a fight for hearts and minds : a Mormon sect’s power struggle. Macleans Magazine, <http://www.rickross.com/reference/polygamy/polygamy288.html>
- Matas, R. (24 septembre 1990). Community Practices Polygamy. The Globe and Mail, p. A-1 et A-8.
- Matas, R. (19 novembre 2002). Woman to bring suit against Mormon Church. The Globe and Mail, <http://www.rickross.com/reference/polygamy/polygamy96.html>
- Matas, R. (4 avril 2003). Bishop loses Bountiful school case. The Globe and Mail, <http://www.rickross.com/reference/polygamy/polygamy109.html>
- Matas, R. (2005). Preventing sexual abuse in a polygamous community. Beyond Borders, p.1-18.
- Mayer, J. F. (2001). Cults, Violence and Religious Terrorism : An International Perspective. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 24 (5), 361-376.
- Nichols, J. (19 octobre 2003). Women in polygamist marriages fight back. Arizona Republic, <http://www.rickross.com/reference/polygamy/polygamy142.html>
- Oziewicz, E. (9 décembre 2000). Bountiful’s troubling tradition Men in this quiet B. C. community aren’t limited to just one mate. The Globe and Mail, <http://www.rickross.com/reference/polygamy/polygamy48.html>
- Palmer, D., & Perrin, D. (2004). Keep Sweet : Children of Polygamy. Lister : Dave’s Press.
- Pelland, M-A, Casoni, D. (2009, à paraître). Portrait des mormons fondamentalistes de l’ouest canadien. De Joseph Smith à Winston Blackmore. In M. Geoffroy & J. G. Vaillancourt. La religion extrême. Montréal : Médiaspaul.
- Pelland, M-A, Casoni, D. (soumis). Eux et nous. Vicissitudes de l’identité sociale chez un groupe de mormons fondamentalistes. Déviance et Société.
- Quinn, M. D. (1994). The Mormon Hierarchy : Origins of Power. Salt Lake City : Signature Book.
- Randall Noblitt, & J. Perskin. (2000). Cult and Ritual Abuse : Its History, Anthropology, and Recent Discovery in Contemporary America. New York : Praeger.
- Remington, R. (27 septembre 2000). Sect leader not worried about polygamy probe Reports of teen brides. National Post, p. A-11.
- Robbins, T. (2002). Sources of Volatility in Religious Movements. Dans D.G. Bromley & G. Melton (eds.), Cults, religion & violence (57-79). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- Russell, J. (2004). Annual Report. British Columbia Civil Liberties Association, <www.bccla.org/newsletter/BCCLA%20AR%202004%20web.pdf>
- Shurtleff, M., & Goddard, T. (2006). The Primer. Helping Victims of Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in Polygamous Communities. Utha : Government of Utah, <http://www.attorneygeneral.utah.gov/polygamy/The_Primer.pdf.p.1-56>
- Smurda, J. D., Wittig, M. A., & Gokalp, G. (2006). Effects of Threat to a Valued Social Identity on Implicit Self-Esteem and Discrimination. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 9 (2) 181–197.
- Stick, F. (5 mars 2002). Canadian Polygamist Let Off the Hook-Again Governement says the Polygamy Law violates religious Freedoms. Christian Week, p. A-14 <www.Christianweek.org>
- Van Wagoner, R. S. (1989). Mormon Polygamy : A History. Second Edition. Salt Lake City : Signature Books.
- Weatherbee, S. (16 août 1993). The practice of polygamy : a Mormon colony stirs a B.C. controversy. Maclean’s, <http://thehopeorg.org/canada_Mac_plig_BC_controversy.html>
- Weland, M. (24 novembre 2004). Rift in FLDS Church raises local fears. Kootenai Valley Press,<http://www.rickross.com/reference/polygamy/polygamy279.html>
- Wilson, B. R. (1991). The social Dimensions of Sectarianism. Oxford : Clarendon Press.
- Woods, D. (4 août 2001). Bountiful, B.C. Saturday Night, <http://www.rickross.com/reference/polygamy/polygamy65.html>
- Wright, S. A. (2002). Public agency involvement in government – religious movement confrontations. In D. G. Bromley & G. Melton (eds.), Cults, religion & violence (102-122). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.