Résumés
Résumé
Depuis le milieu des années 1990, plusieurs auteurs ont cru reconnaître l’apparition de ce qu’ils ont appelé un « nouveau terrorisme ». C’est un terrorisme dont les cibles et les sources dépassent le cadre des États, aux objectifs glorieux et à fort contenu surnaturel ou légendaire – faisant donc peu de revendications concrètes ou réalisables. C’est aussi, voire surtout, un terrorisme à fort contenu religieux, absolutiste et accompagné d’une violence qui ne connaît plus les limites établies par le terrorisme conventionnel. Pour des raisons à la fois théoriques et pratiques, il est important de comprendre comment et à quel point ce nouveau terrorisme se manifeste au Canada.
À partir d’une banque de données qualitatives de près de 400 incidents et situations de violence politique au Canada depuis 1973, cet article établit certains faits, dont la rareté des attentats religieux et leur presque disparition depuis les années 1980. Cette évolution est ensuite analysée et quelques explications possibles sont offertes, dont la fonction de contrôle social souvent attribuée à la pratique religieuse. En conclusion, nous révisons la pertinence du concept de « nouveau terrorisme » et son utilité à la fois théorique et pratique.
Abstract
Since the 1990s many analysts of terrorism have adopted the concept and the phrase “new terrorism” in order to account for what they have seen as the emergence of a different form of political violence. New terrorism has been characterised as escaping the boundaries of states and routinely targeting installations and persons for their symbolic content. It is motivated by glorious, if not grandiloquent objectives, with strong supernatural and mythical aspects. Its demands are often impossible to meet since they involve planet-wide reorganisation. Most importantly, it is a religious terrorism, built on absolutes and capable of justifying the most extreme forms of violence – which conventional terrorism tended to avoid. For obvious theoretical, as well as practical reasons, we will try to describe the manifestation of such terrorism in Canada.
Our study rests on a 400 incident qualitative database gathered from Canadian media reports. Our observation period ranges from 1973 to 2006, but the bulk of religious (and other) terrorist activities took place in the 1980s. We then try to account for this differential level of activity with the help of a few theoretical tools, in particular through the “social control” function of religious practice. We conclude with an evaluation of the usefulness and explanatory power of the concept of new terrorism.
Resumen
A partir de mediados de los años noventa, varios autores han adoptado el concepto de “nuevo terrorismo” para referirse a lo que perciben como una nueva forma de violencia política. Un tipo de terrorismo que rebasa el ámbito de los Estados y selecciona blancos según su contenido simbólico, con objetivos gloriosos y múltiples elementos sobrenaturales o legendarios, lo que conduce a pocas reivindicaciones concretas o realizables. Es también – y sobre todo – un terrorismo de gran contenido religioso, absolutista, que va acompañado de una violencia que desconoce los límites establecidos por el terrorismo convencional. Por razones a la vez teóricas y prácticas, es importante comprender cómo y hasta qué punto este nuevo terrorismo se manifiesta en Canadá.
A partir de una base de datos cualitativa de casi 400 incidentes y situaciones de violencia política acaecidos en Canadá desde 1973, este artículo establece ciertos hechos, entre ellos el escaso número de atentados religiosos y su casi desaparición a partir de los años ochenta. Asimismo, se analiza esta evolución y se ofrecen algunas explicaciones, entre ellas la función del control social, a menudo atribuido a la práctica religiosa. Finalmente, se revisa la pertinencia del concepto “nuevo terrorismo” y su utilidad tanto teórica como práctica.
Parties annexes
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