Résumés
Abstract
Background: Female physicians and patients experience gender bias in healthcare. The purpose of this research is to explore medical students’ gender bias toward physicians and patients and whether their bias varies by gender.
Methods: We surveyed medical students at Memorial University between November 2020 and April 2021. We recruited participants through Facebook, email, and e-posters. We collected demographic information, including gender and class year. We used the Nijmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale to measure gender sensitivity, gender role ideology toward patients, and gender role ideology toward doctors. We analyzed the data using averages and t-tests.
Results: Mean gender sensitivity scores were 4/5 indicating high gender sensitivity. Gender role ideology toward doctors mean scores were 2/5 indicating that students did not hold strong stereotypical views toward doctors. Although male students scored higher than female students (p<.05), mean scores for gender role ideology toward patients were low for both male and female students (x̄<2), indicating low stereotyping toward patients.
Conclusions: We found that students held largely non-biased ideologies surrounding gender in medicine and that female students were even less biased than male students for gender role ideology toward patients.
Résumé
Contexte : Les femmes médecins ou patientes sont victimes de préjugés sexistes dans les soins de santé. L'objectif de cette recherche est d'explorer les préjugés sexistes des étudiants en médecine à l'égard des médecins et des patients et de déterminer si ces préjugés varient en fonction du sexe.
Méthodes : Nous avons procédé à une enquête auprès des étudiants en médecine de l'Université Memorial entre novembre 2020 et avril 2021. Nous avons recruté des participants au moyen de Facebook, du courrier électronique et d’affiches électroniques. Nous avons recueilli des données démographiques, y compris le sexe et l'année dans le programme. Nous avons utilisé l'échelle de sensibilisation au genre en médecine de Nijmegen pour mesurer la sensibilité au genre, l'idéologie du rôle du genre envers les patients et l'idéologie du rôle du genre envers les médecins. Nous avons analysé les données à l'aide de moyennes et de tests t.
Résultats : Les scores moyens de sensibilité au genre étaient de 4/5, ce qui indique une grande sensibilité au genre. Les scores moyens de l'idéologie du rôle du genre à l'égard des médecins étaient de 2/5, ce qui indique que les étudiants n'avaient pas d'opinion stéréotypée à l'égard des médecins. Bien que les étudiants aient obtenu des scores plus élevés que les étudiantes (p<0,05), les scores moyens pour l'idéologie du rôle du genre à l'égard des patients étaient faibles tant pour les étudiants que pour les étudiantes (x̄<2), ce qui indique un faible niveau d’opinions stéréotypées à l'égard des patients.
Conclusions : Nous avons constaté que les étudiants avaient des idéologies largement non biaisées concernant le genre en médecine et que les étudiantes étaient encore moins biaisées que les étudiants en ce qui concerne l'idéologie du rôle du genre envers les patients.
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Potee RA, Gerber AJ, Ickovics JR. Medicine and motherhood: shifting trends among female physicians from 1922 to 1999. Acad Med. 1999;74(8):911-919. https://doi:10.1097/00001888-199908000-00017
- Bernstein B, Kane R. Physicians’ attitudes toward female patients. Med care. 1981;19(6):600-608. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-198106000-00004
- Glauser W. Medicine changing as women make up more of physician workforce. CMAJ News. 2018 Mar 8 Available from: https://cmajnews.com/2018/03/08/medicine-changing-as-women-make-up-more-of-physician-workforce-cmaj-109-5577/ [Accessed Dec 1, 2019].
- Glauser W. Rise of women in medicine not matched by leadership roles. CMAJ News 2018 Mar 26. Available from: https://cmajnews.com/2018/03/26/rise-of-women-in-medicine-not-matched-by-leadership-roles-cmaj-109-5567/. [Accessed Dec 1, 2019].
- Babaria P, Bernheim S, Nunez‐Smith M. Gender and the pre‐clinical experiences of female medical students: a taxonomy. Med Educ. 2011;45(3):249-260.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03856.x
- Seemann NM, Webster F, Holden HA, et al. Women in academic surgery: why is the playing field still not level?. Am J Surg. 2016;211(2):343-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.08.036
- Boge LA, Dos Santos C, Moreno-Walton LA, Cubeddu LX, Farcy DA. The relationship between physician/nurse gender and patients’ correct identification of health care professional roles in the Emergency Department. J Women’s Health. 2019;28(7):961-964. https://doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7571
- Levine RB, Lin F, Kern DE, Wright SM, Carrese J. Stories from early-career women physicians who have left academic medicine: a qualitative study at a single institution. Acad Med. 2011;86(6):752-758. https://doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e318217e83b
- Lo Sasso AT, Richards MR, Chou CF, Gerber SE. The $16,819 pay gap for newly trained physicians: the unexplained trend of men earning more than women. Health Aff. 2011;30(2):193-201. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0597
- Dossa F, Simpson AN, Sutradhar R, et al. Sex-based disparities in the hourly earnings of surgeons in the fee-for-service system in Ontario, Canada. JAMA Surg. 2019;154(12):1134-1142. https://doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2019.3769
- Borkhoff CM, Hawker GA, Kreder HJ, Glazier RH, Mahomed NN, Wright JG. The effect of patients’ sex on physicians’ recommendations for total knee arthroplasty. CMAJ. 2008;178(6):681-7. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.071168
- Motov SM, Khan AN. Problems and barriers of pain management in the emergency department: are we ever going to get better?. J Pain Res. 2009;2:5-11. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S4324
- Dimant OE, Cook TE, Greene RE, Radix AE. Experiences of transgender and gender nonbinary medical students and physicians. Transgender Health. 2019;4(1):209-216. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2019.0021
- Bohman J. Critical theory. Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. 2005. Available from: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/critical-theory/. [Accessed Dec 1, 2019].
- McGregor AJ, Choo E. Gender‐specific medicine: Yesterday’s neglect, tomorrow’s opportunities. Acad Emerg Med. 2012 Jul;19(7):861-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2012.01389.x
- Woitowich NC, Beery A, Woodruff T. A 10-year follow-up study of sex inclusion in the biological sciences. Elife. 2020 Jun 9;9:e56344. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.56344
- Dey S, Flather MD, Devlin G, et al. Sex-related differences in the presentation, treatment and outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndromes: the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Heart. 2009 Jan 1;95(1):20-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2007.138537
- Brush Jr JE, Krumholz HM, Greene EJ, Dreyer RP. Sex differences in symptom phenotypes among patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circ. Cardiovasc Qual. 2020 Feb 17;13(2):e005948. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005948
- Stehli J, Duffy SJ, Burgess S, et al. Sex disparities in myocardial infarction: biology or bias?.Heart, Lung Circ. 2021 Jan 1;30(1):18-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2020.06.025
- Andersson J, Verdonk P, Johansson EE, Lagro-Janssen T, Hamberg K. Comparing gender awareness in Dutch and Swedish first-year medical students – results from a questionnaire. BMC Med Educ. 2012;12(3). https://doi:10.1186/1472-6920-12-3
- McArthur J. Achieving social justice within and through higher education: the challenge for critical pedagogy. Teach High Educ. 2010;15(5):493-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2010.491906
- Wallis CJ, Jerath A, Coburn N, et al. Association of surgeon-patient sex concordance with postoperative outcomes. JAMA surgery. 2022;157(2):146-156. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.6339
- Parker R, Larkin T, Cockburn J. A visual analysis of gender bias in contemporary anatomy textbooks. Soc Sci Med. 2017 May 1;180:106-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.032
- Martin GC, Kirgis J, Sid E, Sabin JA. Equitable imagery in the preclinical medical school curriculum: findings from one medical school. Acad Med. 2016 Jul 1;91(7):1002-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001105
- Farrell GJ, Peters SD, Rourke JT. Memorial University of Newfoundland Faculty of Medicine. Acad Med. 2010;85(9):S690-693.