Résumés
Abstract
The transportation of petroleum represents one of the most strategically important circulations of resources in the global economy. Its role cannot be overstated. Yet, petroleum has become a “strategically invisible” commodity as its flow has been continuous with limited, but eye-opening, disruptions such as the First Energy Crisis is 1973. Petroleum supplies are virtually taken for granted. Since approximately two-thirds of the world’s petroleum production is shipped by sea, there are inherent distribution constraints, which require navigating through straits and passages; chokepoints of maritime circulation. This paper presents an overview of the geography of oil supply and demand, and the strategic issues that are linked to its maritime circulation. Chokepoints are perceived as resources, the value of which varies according to degree of use. As the era of petroleum domination draws to a close, the importance and vulnerability of strategic passages will increase. Their ability to handle additional traffic appears to be limited, implying that future energy crises or oil shortages are more likely to be attributable to the challenges of distribution.
Keywords:
- Petroleum Distribution,
- Maritime Transport,
- Strategic Passages,
- Hormuz,
- Suez,
- Malacca,
- Bab el-Mandeb,
- Bosphorus,
- Panama
Résumé
Le transport du pétrole représente l’une des plus importantes circulations de ressources au sein de l’économie mondiale. Son rôle ne peut être exagéré. Cependant, le pétrole est devenu un produit de base «stratégiquement invisible» puisque sa circulation a toujours été continue, avec des ruptures alarmantes, mais limitées, telles que le premier choc pétrolier de 1973. L’offre de pétrole est pratiquement prise pour acquis. Puisque les deux tiers de la production pétrolière mondiale sont acheminés par voie maritime, il existe d’inévitables contraintes de distribution, parmi lesquelles l’utilisation d’un ensemble limité de détroits et passages: les goulots d’étranglement de la circulation maritime. Cet article se penche sur la géographie de l’offre et de la demande de pétrole, de même que sur les problèmes stratégiques liés à sa circulation maritime. Les goulots d’étranglement sont perçus en tant que ressources dont la valeur varie en fonction de leur niveau d’utilisation. Alors que la suprématie du pétrole tire à sa fin, l’importance et la vulnérabilité des passages stratégiques risquent de s’accroître en conséquence. Leur capacité d’admission des trafics supplémentaires apparaît limitée, ce qui implique que les futurs chocs (ou ruptures) pétroliers seront vraisemblablement liés à la problématique de sa circulation.
Mots-clés:
- Distribution du pétrole,
- transport maritime,
- passages stratégiques,
- Hormuz,
- Suez,
- Malacca,
- Bab el-Mandeb,
- Bosphore,
- Panama
Parties annexes
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