Résumés
Abstract
The World Economic Forum has called dementia one of the biggest global health crises of the 21st century. In this paper, I make the case that unpaid caregiving by family or close others of persons living with dementia should be a matter of public health. Shaji and Reddy proposed this in 2012 in the context of dementia care in India. They explicitly acknowledge the influence of Talley and Crews’ 2007 article on caregiving as an emerging public health concern. However, they narrow their proposal to caregiving for persons living with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD), which I take to be an important first step in building an argument for putting caregiving more firmly on a public health agenda. In order to support my claim, first, I establish that caregiving is a social determinant of health. Second, I counter objections to the addition of caregiving for persons living with ADRD to a public health agenda, as it would lead to public health mission creep. I then argue that a broad understanding of public health can be inclusive of this type caregiving and is preferable as it highlights an issue of health equity, the gendered nature of caregiving. Finally, I make the case that a definition of public health inclusive of the social determinants of health and caregiving is more adequately suited to address the health consequences of the current changing demographic patterns. My argument adds support to writings on migration calling for broadening the scope of public health.
Keywords:
- dementia,
- family caregiving,
- public health,
- relational,
- social determinants of health,
- equity
Résumé
Le Forum économique mondial a qualifié la démence de l'une des plus grandes crises sanitaires mondiales du XXIe siècle. Dans cet article, je soutiens que les soins non rémunérés prodigués par la famille ou les proches des personnes atteintes de démence devraient être une question de santé publique. Shaji et Reddy l’ont proposé en 2012 dans le contexte des soins aux personnes atteintes de démence en Inde. Ils reconnaissent explicitement l’influence de l’article de Talley et Crews de 2007 sur la prestation de soins en tant que nouveau problème de santé publique. Cependant, ils limitent leur proposition aux soins prodigués aux personnes atteintes de la maladie d’Alzheimer et de démences apparentées (MADA), ce que je considère comme une première étape importante dans l’élaboration d’un argumentaire visant à inscrire plus fermement les soins dans un programme de santé publique. Pour étayer mon propos, j’établis tout d’abord que la prestation de soins est un déterminant social de la santé. Ensuite, je réfute les objections à l’ajout de la prestation de soins aux personnes atteintes de la MADA à un programme de santé publique, car cela entraînerait une dérive de la mission de la santé publique. Je soutiens ensuite qu’une compréhension large de la santé publique peut inclure ce type de prestation de soins et est préférable car elle met en évidence une question d’équité en matière de santé, la nature sexuée de la prestation de soins. Enfin, je soutiens qu'une définition de la santé publique incluant les déterminants sociaux de la santé et la prestation de soins est mieux adaptée pour faire face aux conséquences sanitaires de l’évolution actuelle des schémas démographiques. Mon argumentation renforce les écrits sur la migration qui appellent à l’élargissement du champ d’application de la santé publique.
Mots-clés :
- démence,
- soins familiaux,
- santé publique,
- relationnel,
- déterminants sociaux de la santé,
- équité
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- 1. Hughes J. This is one of the biggest global health crises of the 21st Century. World Economic Forum. 21 Sep 2017.
- 2. National Institute on Aging. Alzheimer's and dementia. n.d.
- 3. Shaji KS., Reddy MS. Caregiving: A public health priority. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2012;34(4):303-5.
- 4. Shaji KS, Dias A. Dementia care in India: a progress report. International Psychiatry. 2006;3(4):9-10.
- 5. Talley RC, Crews JE. Framing the public health of caregiving. American Journal of Public Health. 2007;9(2):224-28.
- 6. Milnac M., Feng MC. Assessment of activities of daily living, self-care and independence. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2016;31(6):506-16.
- 7. World Health Organization. Social determinants of health. n.d.
- 8. Baker EA., Metzler MM., Galea, S. Addressing social determinants of health inequities: Learning from doing. American Journal of Public Health. 2005;95(4):553-55.
- 9. Chiao C‐Y, Wu H-S, Hsiao C-Y. Caregiver burden for informal caregivers of patients with dementia: A systematic review. International Nursing Review. 2015;62(3):340-50.
- 10. World Health Organization. Evidence Profile: Caregiver Support-Integrated Care for Older People. 1 Jan 2017.
- 11. Gérain P, Zech E. Informal caregiver burnout? Development of a theoretical framework to understand the impact of caregiving. Frontiers in Psychology 2019;10:1748.
- 12. Navaie-Waliser M, Feldman PH, Gould DA, Levine C, Kuerbis AN, Donelan K. When the caregiver needs care: The plight of vulnerable caregivers. American Journal of Public Health 2002;92(3):409-13.
- 13. Schulz R, Beach SR. Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality. Journal of American Medical Association. 1999;282(23):2215-19.
- 14. Gitlin LN, Schultz R. Family caregiving of older adults. In: Prohaska T, Anderson LA, Binstock RH, editors. Public Health for an Aging Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2012.
- 15. Canadian Institute for Health Information. Unpaid caregiver challenges and supports. n.d.
- 16. Queluz F, Kervin E, Wozney L, Fancey P, McGrath PJ, Keefe J. Understanding the needs of caregivers of persons with dementia: a scoping review. International Psychogeriatrics 2020;32(1):35-52.
- 17. World Health Organization. Global Status Report on the Public Health Response to Dementia. 1 Sept 2021.
- 18. Janevic MR, Connell C. Racial, ethnic, and cultural differences in the dementia caregiving experience: Recent findings. The Gerontologist 2002;41(3):334-47.
- 19. Brodaty H, Donkin M. Family caregivers of people with dementia. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 2009;11(2):217-28.
- 20. Taylor MG, Quesnel-Vallée A. The structural burden of caregiving: Shared challenges in the United States and Canada. The Gerontologist. 2017;57(1):19-25.
- 21. Law S, Ormel I, Babinski S. Kuluski K, Quesnel-Vallée A. Caregiving is like on the job training but nobody has the manual: Canadian caregivers’ perceptions of their roles within the healthcare system. BMC Geriatrics. 2021;21:404.
- 22. GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborator. Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Public Health. 2022;7(2):e105-25.
- 23. White CL, Overbaugh KJ, Pickering CE, et al. Advancing care for family caregivers of persons with dementia through caregiver and community partnerships. Research Involvement and Engagement. 2018;4:1.
- 24. Faden RR, Shebaya S, Siegel AW. Distinctive challenges of public health ethics. In: Mastroianni AC, Kahn JP, Kass NE, editors. Oxford: The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics; 2019. p. 12-20.
- 25. Wild V, Dawson A. Migration: a core public health ethics issue. Public Health. 2018;(158):66-70.
- 26. Winslow C-EA. The untilled fields of public health. Science. 1920;51(1306):23-33.
- 27. Azari R, Borisch B. What is public health? A scoping review. Archives of Public Health. 2023;81:86.
- 28. Powers M, Faden R. Social Justice: The Moral Foundations of Public Health and Public Health Policy. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.
- 29. Horn L. Powers and Faden’s theory of social justice applied to the problem of foetal alcohol syndrome in South Africa. Public Health Ethics 2013;6(1):3-10.
- 30. Horn L. Public health and social justice: Forging the links. South African Journal of Bioethics and Law. 2015;8(2):26-29.
- 31. Rothstein MA. The limits of public health: A response. Public Health Ethics 2009;2(1):84-88.
- 32. Powers M, Faden R. Social practices, public health and the twin aims of justice: Responses to comments. Public Health Ethics 2013;6(1):45-49.
- 33. Public Health Ontario. Interim IPAC Recommendations for Use of Personal Protective Equipment for Care of Individuals with Suspect or Confirmed COVID19. Oct 2022.
- 34. Canadian Institute for Health Information. The Impact of Covid-19 on Long Term Care in Canada. 2021.
- 35. Guberman N, Maheu P. Conceptions of family caregivers: Implications for professional practice. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement. 2002;21(1):27-37.
- 36. Guberman N, Lavoie JP, Pepin J, Lauzon S, Montejo ME. Formal service practitioners’ views of family caregivers’ responsibilities and difficulties. Canadian Journal on Aging/La revue canadienne du vieillissement. 2006;25(1):43-53.
- 37. Ward-Griffin C. Supportive care to family caregivers is not supportive enough: moving towards an equitable approach to dementia home care. Neurodegenerative Disease Management. 2012;2(2):173-81.
- 38. Lanoix M. No longer home alone? Home care and the Canada Health Act. Health Care Analysis. 2017;25(2):168-89.
- 39. Scully JL. Feminist bioethics. In: Hall KQ, editor. The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press; 2021.
- 40. Baylis F. Kenny NP, Sherwin S. A relational account of public health ethics. Public Health Ethics 2008;1(3):196-209.
- 41. Saillant F. Les soins en péril: entre la nécessité et l’exclusion. Recherches féministes. 1991;4(1):11-29.
- 42. Saillant F. La part des femmes dans les soins de santé. International Review of Community Development/Revue internationale d’action communautaire. 1992;28(68):95-106.
- 43. Cresson G. La production familiale de soins et de santé. La prise en compte tardive et inachevée d’une participation essentielle. Recherches familiales. 2006;(1):6-15.
- 44. Talley RC, Crews JE. Talley and Crews respond. American Journal of Public Health. 2007;97(11):1931-32.
- 45. Eckenwiler LA. Long-Term Care, Globalization, and Justice. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2012.
- 46. American Public Health Association. Strengthening the Dementia Care Workforce: A Public Heath Priority. 24 Oct 2020.
- 47. Lane SD, Robert A, Rubinstein DC, Webster N. Towards a public health approach to bioethics. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2000;925(1):25-36.
- 48. Childress JF, Faden RR, Gaare RD, et al. Public health ethics: mapping the terrain. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2002;30(2):170-78.
- 49. Dawson A, Veweij MF. Editors. Ethics, Prevention and Public Health. New York: Oxford University Press; 2007.
- 50. Tahzib F, Davidovitch N, Labonte, R. Migration, justice and health: reimagining the earth as one country and humankind its citizens. Public Health. 2019;172:105-7.
- 51. Faden R, Bernstein J, Shebaya S. Public health ethics. In: Zalta EN, editor. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. [12 Apr 2010] 8 Jul 2020.
- 52. Wikler D, Brock DW. Population-level bioethics: Mapping a new agenda. In: Dawson A, Verweij M. editors. Ethics, Prevention, and Public Health. New York: Oxford University Press; 2007.
- 53. Stall N. We should care more about caregivers. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2019;191(9):E245-46.
- 54. Stall NM, Shah NR, Bhushan D. Unpaid family caregiving-The next frontier of gender equity in a postpandemic future. Journal of the American Medical Association Health Forum. 2023;4(6):e231310.
- 55. McGuire LC. A public health approach to Alzheimer’s Disease. Written Testimony: Senate Special Committee on Aging. 19 Jun 2018.
- 56. Olivari B, French M, McGuire L. The public health road map to respond to the growing dementia crisis. Innovation in Aging. 2020;4(1):igz043.
- 57. Alzheimer’s Association. A Public Health Approach to Alzheimer’s and other Dementias. n.d.
- 58. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. National Plan to Address Alzheimer’s Disease. n.d.
- 59. US Department of Health and Human Services. National Plan to Address Alzheimer’s Disease: 2021 Update. n.d.
- 60. Administration for Community Living. Program and policy areas. 1 May 2023.
- 61. Ling G. The RAISE Act and the national strategy to support family caregivers. Administration for Community Living. 24 Oct 2022.
- 62. Kenway E. Who Cares: The Hidden Crisis of Caregiving and How We Solve It. New York: Seal Press; 2023.
- 63. Public Health Agency of Canada. A Dementia Strategy for Canada: Together We Aspire. 20 Apr 2021.
- 64. Canadian Academy of Health Sciences. Improving the Quality of Life and Care of Persons Living with Dementia and Their Caregivers. Ottawa: The Expert Panel on Dementia Care in Canada, CAHS; 2019.
- 65. Public Health Agency of Canada. Dementia Community Investment. Jan 2020.
- 66. Public Health Agency of Canada. A Dementia Strategy for Canada: Together We Achieve - 2022 Annual Report. Jan 2023.
- 67. Canadian Public Health Association. Vision and Mission. n.d.
- 68. Canadian Public Health Association. Caregiver burden takes a toll on mental health. Policy and Advocacy Blog. 26 Jan 2016.
- 69. Keating N, de Jong Gierveld J. Families and aging: From private troubles to a global agenda. Canadian Journal on Aging/Revue canadienne du vieillissement. 2015;34(3):261-63.
- 70. Alzheimer’s Association US. Women and Alzheimer’s. n.d.
- 71. Eckenwiler L. Women on the move: Long-term care, migrant women, and global justice. International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics. 2011;4(2):1-31.
- 72. Alzheimer’s Association Canada. Navigating the Path Forward for Dementia in Canada. 2022.
- 73. Stolee P, Ashbourne J, Elliott J, et al. Whole person, whole journey: Developing a person-centred regional dementia strategy. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement. 2021;40(3):436-50.
- 74. Eales J, Kim C, East J. A snapshot of Canadians caring for persons with dementia: The toll it takes. Research on Aging, Policies and Practice. Oct 2015.
- 75. Span P. Caregivers sometimes must sacrifice their careers. New York Times. 8 Dec 2015.
- 76. Lai DWL, Leonenko W. Effects of caregiving on employment and economic costs of Chinese family caregivers in Canada. Journal of Family and Economic Issues. 2007;28:411-27.
- 77. Sadavoy J, Sajedinejad S, Duxbury L, Chiu M. The impact on employees of providing informal caregiving for someone with dementia. Aging and Mental Health. 2022;26(5):1035-43.
- 78. Lilly MB, Robinson CA, Holtzman S, Borttoff JL. Can we move beyond burden and burnout to support the health and wellness of family caregivers to persons with dementia? Evidence from British Columbia, Canada. Health and Social Care in the Community. 2012;20(1):103-12.
- 79. Hajjar J, Idriss-Wheeler D, Oostlander SA. Caring for our caregivers in a pandemic: Challenges, gaps and suggestions for change. International Journal of Care and Caring. 2022;6(4):638-43.
- 80. da Silva Quadros P. And who cares for the caregivers in times of the deadly COVID-19 pandemic in the Brazilian context? International Journal of Care and Caring. 2022;6(1-2):267-73.
- 81. Wang H, Li T, Barbarino P, et al. Dementia care during COVID-19. The Lancet. 2020;395(10231):1190-91.
- 82. Rogers WA. Feminism and public health ethics. Journal of Medical Ethics 2006;32(6):351-54.