Résumés
Abstract
The humanitarian sector continually faces organizational and operational challenges to respond to the needs of populations affected by war, disaster, displacement, and health emergencies. With the goal of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of response efforts, humanitarian innovation initiatives seek to develop, test, and scale a variety of novel and adapted practices, products, and systems. The innovation process raises important ethical considerations, such as appropriately engaging crisis-affected populations in defining problems and identifying potential solutions, mitigating risks, ensuring accountability, sharing benefits fairly, and managing expectations. This paper aims to contribute to knowledge and practice regarding humanitarian innovation ethics and presents two components related to a value-sensitive approach to humanitarian innovation. First is a mapping of how ethical concepts are mobilized in values statements that have been produced by a diverse set of organizations involved in humanitarian innovation. Analyzing these documents, we identified six primary values (do-no-harm, autonomy, justice, accountability, sustainability, and inclusivity) around which we grouped 12 secondary values and 10 associated concepts. Second are two proposed activities that teams engaged in humanitarian innovation can employ to foreground values as they develop and refine their project’s design, and to anticipate and plan for challenges in enacting these values across the phases of their project. A deliberate and tangible approach to engaging with values within humanitarian innovation design can help to ground humanitarian innovation in ethical commitments by increasing shared understanding amongst team members, promoting attentiveness to values across the stages of innovation, and fostering capacities to anticipate and respond to ethically challenging situations.
Keywords:
- armed conflict,
- disaster,
- ethics,
- humanitarian,
- innovation,
- values-based design,
- technology ethics
Résumé
Les réponses humanitaires auprès des populations victimes de conflits armés, de migration forcée ou d’urgences sanitaires font souvent face à des défis organisationnels et opérationnels importants. En réponse à ces défis, l’innovation en aide humanitaire cherche à identifier ces problèmes, tester et développer de nouvelles technologies et imaginer de nouveaux systèmes afin de pallier ces défaillances. Le processus d’innovation en aide humanitaire amène son lot de questionnements éthiques. Ceux-ci incluent le degré d’inclusion des populations affectées lors de la prise en charge des problèmes, le développement des solutions, l’identification et l’atténuation des risques ainsi que la distribution des bénéfices. Cet article enrichit l’ensemble des connaissances sur les implications éthiques des pratiques en innovation humanitaire de deux façons. Premièrement, nous dressons un portrait des concepts éthiques évoqués à travers les déclarations de valeurs et de principes éthiques publiés par des acteurs actifs dans le domaine de l’innovation humanitaire. L’analyse de ces documents nous permet d’identifier six valeurs fondamentales (les principes de bienveillance, autonomie, justice, responsabilité, durabilité et inclusion) auxquelles se joignent 12 valeurs secondaires et 10 concepts et pratiques connexes. Deuxièmement, nous proposons deux activités auxquelles les organisateurs d’innovation peuvent recourir afin de placer leurs valeurs au coeur du développement de leurs projets, et d’anticiper et de planifier une stratégie en cas de conflits de valeur. Favoriser une approche délibérée aux systèmes de valeurs et de principes éthiques en innovation humanitaire permet de centrer ces activités sur des engagements concrets. Les approches que nous présentons permettent de faciliter la diffusion des connaissances entre les différents agents, de promouvoir une attention particulière aux valeurs à travers les étapes d’innovation et de bâtir une résilience et une capacité à répondre aux situations présentant des dilemmes éthiques.
Mots-clés :
- conflit armé,
- catastrophe,
- éthique,
- humanitaire,
- innovation,
- conception basée sur les valeurs,
- éthique technologique
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Parties annexes
Remerciements / Acknowledgements
Nous remercions Ian McClelland, Anna Skeels et Bjorn Rust du Fonds d’innovation humanitaire pour leur contribution très utile aux idées et activités présentées dans cet article. Nous remercions également les autres membres de notre équipe de recherche, Rachel Yantzi, Ali Okhowat et Lydia Kapiriri, ainsi que tous les innovateurs qui se sont engagés dans différentes itérations des outils de clarification des valeurs et de prospective lors d’une série d’ateliers en 2019 et 2020. La cartographie des déclarations de valeurs et le développement des deux activités ont été entrepris dans le contexte du projet Éthique pour l’innovation humanitaire qui a été initié par Elrha et entrepris par les membres du Groupe de recherche sur l’éthique de la santé humanitaire. Ce travail a été rendu possible grâce au financement du Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) du Royaume-Uni et du ministère néerlandais des Affaires étrangères. Lisa Schwartz bénéficie du soutien de la chaire Arnold L Johnson d’éthique des soins de santé.
We are grateful to Ian McClelland, Anna Skeels and Bjorn Rust from the Humanitarian Innovation Fund for their very helpful input related to the ideas and activities presented in this article. We also thank the other members of our research team, Rachel Yantzi, Ali Okhowat and Lydia Kapiriri, and all the innovators who engaged with different iterations of the values clarification and foresighting tools at a series of workshops in 2019 and 2020. The values statement mapping and development of the two activities were undertaken within the context of the Ethics for Humanitarian Innovation project that was initiated by Elrha and undertaken by members of the Humanitarian Health Ethics Research Group. This work was made possible by funding from the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), and the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Lisa Schwartz is supported by the Arnold L Johnson Chair in Health Care Ethics.
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