Résumés
Abstract
The moral significance of the distinction between killing and allowing to die has played a key role in debates about euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. Since the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment is held as morally permissible in the medical community, it follows that if there is no morally significant difference between killing and allowing to die, then there is no morally significant difference between withdrawing life-sustaining treatment or administering a lethal injection to end a patient’s life. Consistency then requires that voluntary active euthanasia (VAE) is also morally permissible. The debates over whether the distinction is morally significant have carried on for decades with little hope of consensus. We begin by surveying the literature to identify common argumentative strategies used in defending or rejecting the distinction’s significance. We observe, based on our review, that many of these strategies operate in ways that are conceptually removed from the concrete clinical situation of physicians involved in practices that lead to patient death (by withdrawal of treatment or VAE). We conclude by arguing for a novel way of moving the debate forward indicated by our reading of the literature, namely, by paying careful attention to the moral experience of physicians involved in end-of-life interventions to understand how they experience these practices. Exploring physician experience can reveal how the distinction may or may not be useful for moral deliberation and can provide the needed context to theorize about the distinction in a more empirically informed and practically useful way.
Keywords:
- clinical ethics,
- bioethics,
- killing and letting die,
- doing and allowing,
- causation,
- intention,
- abstraction,
- clinical context
Résumé
La signification morale de la distinction entre tuer et laisser mourir a joué un rôle clé dans les débats sur l’euthanasie et le suicide assisté. L’arrêt d’un traitement de survie étant considéré comme moralement acceptable par la communauté médicale, il s’ensuit que s’il n’y a pas de différence moralement significative entre tuer et laisser mourir, il n’y a pas non plus de différence moralement significative entre l’arrêt d’un traitement de survie et l’administration d’une injection létale pour mettre fin à la vie d’un patient. La cohérence exige donc que l’euthanasie active volontaire (EAV) soit également moralement admissible. Les débats sur la question de savoir si cette distinction est moralement significative ou non se poursuivent depuis des décennies, sans grand espoir de consensus. Nous commençons par passer en revue la littérature afin d’identifier les stratégies argumentatives communes utilisées pour défendre ou rejeter l’importance de la distinction. Nous observons, sur la base de notre revue, que nombre de ces stratégies opèrent d’une manière qui est conceptuellement éloignée de la situation clinique concrète des médecins impliqués dans des pratiques qui conduisent à la mort du patient (par arrêt de traitement ou EAV). Nous concluons en plaidant pour une nouvelle manière de faire avancer le débat indiquée par notre lecture de la littérature, à savoir en accordant une attention particulière à l’expérience morale des médecins impliqués dans les interventions de fin de vie afin de comprendre comment ils vivent ces pratiques. L’exploration de l’expérience des médecins peut révéler comment la distinction peut ou non être utile à la délibération morale, et peut fournir le contexte nécessaire pour théoriser sur la distinction d’une manière plus empirique et plus utile en pratique.
Mots-clés :
- éthique clinique,
- bioéthique,
- tuer et laisser mourir,
- faire et permettre,
- causalité,
- intention,
- abstraction,
- contexte clinique
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Parties annexes
Acknowledgements / Remerciements
This research was supported by an Insight Development Grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and by matching research funds provided by St. Jerome’s University. We would like to thank the following individuals for their helpful feedback on drafts of the paper: Kieran Bonner, Lydia Dugdale, Ewan Goligher, Lauris Kaldjian, Daniel Kim, Jane Kuepfer, Midori Matthew, John Neary, Nick Ray, Sylvia Terzian, Donna Ward, John Yoon.
Cette recherche a été soutenue par une subvention de développement Savoir du Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada et par des fonds de recherche équivalents fournis par l’Université St-Jérôme. Nous tenons à remercier les personnes suivantes pour leurs commentaires utiles sur les versions préliminaires de ce document : Kieran Bonner, Lydia Dugdale, Ewan Goligher, Lauris Kaldjian, Daniel Kim, Jane Kuepfer, Midori Matthew, John Neary, Nick Ray, Sylvia Terzian, Donna Ward, John Yoon.
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