Résumés
Abstract
What are human rights? Do they exist? I propose to answer these questions by advancing a contractarian account of human rights. I focus on the human right to found a family and have children. I also show how the contractarian approach to human rights can explain the current relevance of reproductive rights in the human rights discourse, and how the emergence of ART (Assisted Reproductive Technologies) has contributed to this shift. The contractarian account of human rights asks, firstly, the following question: which basic needs and desires can be ascribed to any human being regardless of gender, nationality, sexual orientation, age, ethnicity etc.? Having an interest, for instance, in preserving one’s own bodily integrity, freedom, and private property qualifies as a basic human need or basic desire. But a basic human need or desire does not constitute in itself a human right. Secondly, the contractarian account of human rights asks, then, which basic human needs or basic desires individuals and states representatives would consider so important that they would agree to create institutional frameworks, both at the domestic and international level, in such a way as to enable individuals to pursue the fulfilment of their basic needs or desires without state interference. Human rights exist and can only be claimed in the context of these normative frameworks.
Keywords:
- contractarianism,
- virtues,
- human rights,
- ART,
- Assisted Reproductive Technologies,
- David Hume,
- Immanuel Kant
Résumé
Que sont les droits de l’homme? Existent-ils? Je me propose de répondre à ces questions en proposant un compte-rendu contractuel des droits de l’homme. Je me concentre sur le droit de fonder une famille et d’avoir des enfants. Je montre également comment l’approche contractuelle des droits de l’homme peut expliquer la pertinence actuelle des droits reproductifs dans le discours sur les droits de l’homme, et comment l’émergence des TRA (technologies de reproduction assistée) a contribué à ce changement. Le compte rendu contractuel des droits de l’homme pose, en premier lieu, la question suivante : quels besoins et désirs fondamentaux peuvent être attribués à tout être humain indépendamment de son sexe, de sa nationalité, de son orientation sexuelle, de son âge, de son appartenance ethnique, etc. Le fait d’avoir un intérêt, par exemple, à préserver sa propre intégrité corporelle, sa liberté et sa propriété privée est considéré comme un besoin fondamental ou un désir fondamental de l’être humain. Mais un besoin ou un désir humain fondamental ne constitue pas en soi un droit de l’homme. Deuxièmement, le compte rendu contractuel des droits de l’homme demande donc quels besoins ou désirs fondamentaux de l’homme les individus et les représentants des États considéreraient comme si importants qu’ils accepteraient de créer des cadres institutionnels, tant au niveau national qu’international, de manière à permettre aux individus de poursuivre la satisfaction de leurs besoins ou désirs fondamentaux sans interférence de l’État. Les droits de l’homme existent et ne peuvent être revendiqués que dans le contexte de ces cadres normatifs.
Mots-clés :
- contratarianisme,
- vertus,
- droits de l’homme,
- TRA,
- technologies de reproduction assistée,
- David Hume,
- Immanuel Kant
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Acknowledgements / Remerciements
Thanks to Peter Stemmer (University of Konstanz) and Lukas Meyer (University of Graz) for their critical comments on an earlier version of this article. An early draft was presented in the Philosophy Department of University of Graz (June 2019), in the Philosophy Department of the University of Konstanz (July 2019) and at the Institute of Biomedical Ethics and History of Medicine in Zurich (September 2019): I thank the participants for their critical comments. Two reviewers also made invaluable comments, for which I am grateful. This research benefited from financial support granted by the Alexander-von-Humboldt-Foundation (Germany, 2018) and the CNPq (The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brazil, 2019-2023). I am a member of the SIENNA Project (Stakeholder-Informed Ethics for New technologies with high socio-ecoNomic and human rights impAct) funded by the European Union’s H2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 741716). This article and its contents are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect views of the European Commission. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information here contained.
Merci à Peter Stemmer (Université de Constance) et Lukas Meyer (Université de Graz) pour leurs commentaires critiques sur une version antérieure de cet article. Une première version a été présentée au département de philosophie de l’Université de Graz (juin 2019), au département de philosophie de l’Université de Constance (juillet 2019) et à l’Institut d’éthique biomédicale et d’histoire de la médecine de Zurich (septembre 2019) : je remercie les participants pour leurs commentaires critiques. Deux examinateurs ont également fait des commentaires précieux, ce dont je leur suis reconnaissant. Cette recherche a bénéficié du soutien financier de la Fondation Alexander-von-Humboldt (Allemagne, 2018) et du CNPq (Conseil national pour le développement scientifique et technologique, Brésil, 2019-2023). Je suis membre du projet SIENNA (Stakeholder-Informed Ethics for New technologies with high socio-ecoNomic and human rights impAct) financé par le programme de recherche et d'innovation H2020 de l’Union européenne dans le cadre de la convention de subvention n° 741716). Cet article et son contenu sont les vues de l’auteur et ne reflètent pas nécessairement les vues de la Commission européenne. La Commission européenne n’est pas responsable de l'utilisation qui pourrait être faite des informations contenues dans cet article.
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