Résumés
Abstract
Canada’s Assisted Human Reproduction Act justifies its non-commercialization approach to surrogacy on the grounds that commercial payments for surrogacy commodify women and are exploitative. However, empirical evidence suggests that payments in surrogacy are not exploitative, at least not to an extent that would warrant criminalizing payments. Given skepticism about the connection between exploitation and commodification, I explore whether commodification critiques can ground an alternative justification for the non-commercialization of surrogacy. First, I examine Vida Panitch’s argument that commodification critiques are flawed for being absolutist, that is, they cannot identify what makes some surrogacy transactions better or worse than others. Second, I examine Anne Phillips’ rearticulation of a commodification critique: Commercial surrogacy is problematic because it undermines equality in a democratic society. I argue that Phillips’ revision can escape absolutism and provide a better justification for Canada’s non-commercialization stance. However, it also entails that the preference for criminalizing payments is weakened, as other policy solutions might be effectively implemented to protect equality. As a result, I propose a shift in how commodification is appealed to: Less attention should be paid to abstract values and more attention should be given to how those values are enacted relationally between members of a political community. I also tentatively suggest that commodification critiques might provide a normative basis in Canadian policy for a self-sufficiency regulatory framework, which centres on values such as solidarity and the public good.
Keywords:
- Assisted Human Reproduction Act,
- Canada,
- commercialization,
- commodification,
- equality,
- exploitation,
- surrogacy
Résumé
La Loi sur la procréation assistée du Canada justifie son approche de non-commercialisation de la maternité de substitution par le fait que les paiements commerciaux pour la maternité de substitution transforment les femmes en marchandises et relève de l’exploitation. Cependant, des preuves empiriques suggèrent que les paiements de maternité de substitution ne sont pas de l’exploitation, du moins pas dans une mesure qui justifierait la criminalisation des paiements. Étant donné le scepticisme qui entoure le lien entre exploitation et marchandisation, je me demande si les critiques de la marchandisation peuvent constituer une justification alternative à la non-commercialisation de la maternité de substitution. Tout d’abord, j’examine l’argument de Vida Panitch selon lequel les critiques de la marchandisation sont imparfaites parce qu’elles sont absolutistes, c’est-à-dire qu’elles ne peuvent pas identifier ce qui fait que certaines transactions de maternité de substitution sont meilleures ou pires que d’autres. Deuxièmement, j’examine la réinterprétation d’Anne Phillips de la critique de la marchandisation : La maternité de substitution commerciale est problématique car elle porte atteinte à l’égalité dans une société démocratique. Je soutiens que la révision de Phillips peut échapper à l’absolutisme et fournir une meilleure justification de la position de non-commercialisation du Canada. Cependant, elle implique également que la préférence pour la criminalisation des paiements est affaiblie, car d’autres solutions politiques pourraient être mises en oeuvre efficacement pour protéger l’égalité. En conséquence, je propose un changement dans la manière dont on fait appel à la marchandisation : moins d’attention devrait être accordée aux valeurs abstraites et plus d’attention devrait être accordée à la manière dont ces valeurs sont mises en oeuvre dans les relations entre les membres d’une communauté politique. Je suggère également, à titre provisoire, que les critiques de la marchandisation puissent fournir une base normative dans la politique canadienne pour un cadre réglementaire d’autosuffisance, qui se concentre sur des valeurs telles que la solidarité et le bien public.
Mots-clés :
- loi sur la procréation assistée,
- Canada,
- commercialisation,
- marchandisation,
- égalité,
- exploitation,
- maternité de substitution
Parties annexes
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