Résumés
Abstract
The postconflict Rwandan state has crafted a “we are all Rwandans” national identity narrative without ethnicity, in the interest of maintaining a delicate, postgenocide peace. The annual genocide commemoration period called Kwibuka—“to remember”—which takes place over the course of one hundred days every year, is an underresearched part of this narrative. During the commemoration period, génocidaires’ confessions increase dramatically; these confessions lead the government to previously undiscovered graves all over the country, just as confessions given during the grassroots justice system—gacaca—did in the more immediate aftermath of the genocide. According to a prominent government official known for his prison outreach, the Rwandan government no longer provides incentives for prisoners to confess. Instead, he stated in a 2017 interview, those who speak up over twenty years later are simply “moved by the spirit of Kwibuka.” When confessions are made, memories of past action (“bad behaviour”) are used by the state, seemingly toward an ultimate end of reinforcing the national master narrative, to subsume the individual memories of innocent survivors into the national collective memory. This paper explores the questions around the state’s evolving use of prisoner confessions, both how those confessions are obtained, and how they factor into commemoration practices now.
Résumé
Pendant la période d’après-conflit au Rwanda, l’état a façonné un récit d’identité nationale, « nous sommes tous des Rwandais », éliminant des distinctions d’ethnies, dans l’intérêt de maintenir une délicate paix post-génocide. La période annuelle de commémoration d’une durée de cent jours, appelée Kwibuka (se souvenir), est une partie de ce récit qui reste encore insuffisamment étudiée. Pendant cette période de commémoration, les aveux des génocidaires augmentent drastiquement ; ces aveux aident le gouvernement à trouver de nouvelles tombes dans le pays entier, tout comme l’ont fait les aveux donnés pendant le processus juridique de gacaca qui a suivi immédiatement le génocide. Selon un membre officiel du gouvernement qui est connu pour son travail dans les prisons, le gouvernement rwandais n’offre plus d’incitatifs aux prisonniers pour les encourager à faire des aveux. Il a déclaré, dans un entretien de 2017, que ceux qui avouent plus de vingt ans après les faits seraient simplement « mûs par l’esprit du Kwibuka ». Quand quelqu’un procède à un aveu, l’état utilise ces souvenirs des actions du passé (d’un « mauvais comportement »), vraisemblablement dans le but ultime de renforcer le récit national dominant, de sorte à incorporer les souvenirs individuels des survivants innocents dans la mémoire collective nationale. Cet article interroge l’évolution de l’utilisation des aveux par l’état : comment ces aveux sont obtenus, et quels rôles ils jouent dans les pratiques de commémoration d’aujourd’hui.
Parties annexes
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