Résumés
Abstract
When is it fair that some people are less healthy than others due to their own individual choices and preferences? In this paper, I explore two alternative answers. The first is a luck-egalitarian account that holds people responsible for choices that society could have reasonably expected them to avoid. I argue that this account is indeterminate and go on to sketch an alternative proposal based on Rawls’s idea of a “social division of responsibility.” This latter approach connects the notion of responsibility for health to the social conditions under which health-related behaviour is developed.
Résumé
Dans quelles circonstances est-il juste que certaines personnes soient en moins bonne santé que d’autres à cause de leurs propres choix et préférences individuels ? Dans cet article, j’examine deux avenues de réponse. La première est une explication en termes d’égalitarisme de la chance qui tient les gens responsables des choix que, selon une attente raisonnable de la société, ils auraient dû éviter. Je défends que cette explication est peu concluante. Par la suite, j’esquisse une autre proposition qui s’appuie sur l’idée rawslienne d’une « division sociale de la responsabilité ». Cette seconde approche rattache la responsabilité de la santé aux conditions sociales dans lesquelles les comportements liés à la santé se développent.
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Arneson, Richard, “Egalitarianism and the Undeserving Poor,” Journal of Political Philosophy, vol. 5, no. 4, 1997, p. 327-350.
- Beaulac, Julie, Elizabeth Kristjansson and Stephen Cummins, “A Systematic Review of Food Deserts, 1966-2007,” Preventing Chronic Disease, vol. 6, no. 3, 2009, p. A105.
- Berkman, Lisa and Ichiro Kawachi, “A Historical Framework for Social Epidemiology: Social Determinants of Population Health,” in Lisa Berkman, Ichiro Kawachi and Maria Glymour (eds.), Social Epidemiology, 2nd edition, New York, Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 1-16.
- Blake, Michael and Mathias Risse, “Two Models of Equality and Responsibility,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy, vol. 38, no. 2, 2008, p. 165-199.
- Daniels, Norman, Just Health, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008.
- Daniels, Norman, “Individual and Social Responsibility for Health,” in Carl Knight and Zofia Stemplowska (eds.), Responsibility and Distributive Justice, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 266-286.
- de Walque, Damien, “Does Education Affect Smoking Behaviors? Evidence Using the Vietnam Draft as an Instrument for College Education,” Journal of Health Economics, vol. 26, no. 5, 2007, p. 877-895.
- Dworkin, Ronald, “What Is Equality? Part 2: Equality of Resources,” Philosophy & Public Affairs, vol. 10, no. 4, 1981, p. 283-345.
- Elford, Gideon, “Equality, Choice, and Alternatives: Why Reasonable Avoidability Matters,” Ethical Perspectives, vol. 19, no. 3, 2012, p. 445-468.
- Eyal, Nir, “Egalitarian Justice and Innocent Choice,” Journal of Ethics & Social Philosophy, vol. 2, no. 1, 2006, p. 1-18.
- Graham, Hilary, When Life’s A Drag: Women, Smoking and Disadvantage, London, Department of Health, HMSO, 1993.
- Knight, Carl, “Inequality, Avoidability, and Healthcare,” IYYUN: The Jerusalem Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 60, 2011, p. 72-88.
- Kymlicka, Will, Contemporary Political Philosophy, 2nd ed., Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002.
- Link, Bruce and Jo Phelan, “Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease,” inForty Years of Medical Sociology: The State of the Art and Directions for the Future, extra issue, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 1995, p. 80-94.
- Lynch J. W., George Kaplan and Johanna Salonen, “Why Do Poor People Behave Poorly? Variation in Adult Health Behaviours and Psychosocial Characteristics by Stages of the Socioeconomic Lifecourse,” Social Science and Medicine, vol. 44, no. 6, 1997, p. 809-819.
- Marmot, Michael, Status Syndrome: How Your Social Standing Directly Affects Your Health and Life Expectancy, London, Bloomsbury, 2004.
- Marmot, Michael, “Achieving Health Equity: From Root Causes to Fair Outcomes,” The Lancet, vol. 370, no. 9593, 2007, p. 1153-1163.
- Marmot, Michael and Richard Wilkinson (eds.), Social Determinants of Health, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005.
- Mirowsky, John and Catherine E. Ross, Education, Social Status, and Health, Hawthorne, NY, Aldine De Gruyter, 2003.
- Rawls, John, Collected Papers, in Samuel Freeman (ed.), Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1999.
- Roemer, John, “A Pragmatic Theory of Responsibility for the Egalitarian Planner,” Philosophy & Public Affairs, vol. 22, no. 2, 1993 p. 146-166.
- Sandbu, Martin E., “On Dworkin’s Brute-Luck–Option-Luck Distinction and the Consistency of Brute-Luck Egalitarianism,” Politics, Philosophy & Economics, vol. 1, no. 3, 2004, p. 283-312.
- Scanlon, Thomas M., What We Owe to Each Other, Cambridge, MA., Belknap Press, 1998.
- Schmidt, Harald, “Patients’ Charters and Health Responsibilities,” British Medical Journal, vol. 335, no. 7631, 2007, p. 1187-1189.
- Schroeder Steven, “We Can Do Better: Improving the Health of the American People”, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 357, no. 12, 2007, p. 1221–1228.
- Segall, Shlomi, “Health, Luck and Justice Revisited,” Ethical Perspectives, vol. 19, no. 2, 2012, p. 326-334.
- Segall, Shlomi, Health, Luck and Justice, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2009.
- Stemplowska, Zofia, “Rescuing Luck Egalitarianism,” Journal of Social Philosophy, vol. 44, no. 4, 2013, p. 402-419.
- Stemplowska, Zofia, “Making Justice Sensitive to Responsibility,” Political Studies, vol. 57, no. 2, 2009, p. 237-259.
- Vallentyne, Peter, “Brute Luck, Option Luck, and Equality of Initial Opportuni-ties,” Ethics, vol. 112, no. 3, 2002, p. 529-557.
- Waller, Bruce, “Responsibility and Health,” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 177-188.
- Wikler, Daniel, “Justice, Socioeconomic Status, and Responsibility for Health,” in Sudhir Anand, Fabienne Peter and Amartya Sen (eds.), Public Health, Ethics and Equity, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 109-134.
- Wilkinson, Richard, Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality, London, Routledge, 1996.