Résumés
Abstract
Taking the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as representative, I argue that animal ethics has been neglected in the assessment of climate policy. While effects on ecosystem services, biodiversity, and human welfare are all catalogued quite carefully, there is no consideration at all of the effects of climate change on the welfare of animals. This omission, I argue, should bother us, for animal welfare is not adequately captured by assessments of ecosystem services, biodiversity, or human welfare. After describing the paper’s assumptions and discussing the role of the IPCC’s Assessment Reports in climate policy, I consider the presentation of climate impacts in the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report, noting the aspects of animal welfare that are (and are not) considered there, and comparing the report’s treatment of animal welfare to its treatment of human welfare. Next, I argue that the concepts of ecosystem services, biodiversity, and human welfare do not adequately capture the welfare of animals. Finally, I discuss concerns about human responsibility for animal welfare and the practicality of including considerations of animal welfare among the climate impacts studied by the IPCC.
Résumé
En prenant le Cinquième Rapport d’évaluation du Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC) à titre de cas représentatif, je soutiens que l’éthique animale a été négligée dans l’évaluation de la politique climatique. Alors que les effets sur les services écosystémiques, la biodiversité et le bien-être humain y sont tous soigneusement recensés, les effets du changement climatique sur le bien-être des animaux n’y sont aucunement pris en considération. Je soutiens que cette omission devrait nous préoccuper, étant donné que l’évaluation des services écosystémiques, de la biodiversité et du bien-être humain ne rend pas compte adéquatement du bien-être des animaux. Après avoir décrit les présupposés de l’article et réfléchi au rôle des Rapports d’évaluation du GIEC quant à la politique climatique, j’examine la présentation des effets climatiques dans le Cinquième Rapport du GIEC, en indiquant les aspects du bien-être animal qui y sont (ou n’y sont pas) pris en considération, tout en comparant le traitement que fait le rapport du bien-être animal à celui qui est fait du bien-être humain. Ensuite, je soutiens que les concepts de services écosystémiques, de biodiversité et de bien-être humain ne reflètent pas adéquatement le bien-être des animaux. Enfin, je traite des problèmes potentiels liés à la responsabilité humaine relativement au bien-être des animaux ainsi que de la faisabilité d’inclure des considérations liées au bien-être animal parmi les effets climatiques étudiés par le GIEC.
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Albrecht, Glenn, et al., “Solastalgia: The Distress Caused by Environmental Change,” Australasian Psychiatry, vol. 15, no. suppl. 1, 2007, p. S95-S98.
- Baier, Annette, Moral Prejudices: Essays on Ethics, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1995.
- Bergh, Jeroen C. J. M. van den, “The GDP Paradox,” Journal of Economic Psychology, vol. 30, no. 2, 2009, p. 117-135.
- Broom, Donald M., “A History of Animal Welfare Science,” Acta Biotheoretica, vol. 59, no. 2, 2011, p. 121-137.
- Broome, John, Weighing Lives, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.
- Callicott, J. Baird, “Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair,” Environmental Ethics, vol. 2, no. 4, 1980, p. 311-328.
- Callicott, J. Baird , “Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Back Together Again,” Between the Species, vol. 4, 1988a, p. 163-169.
- Callicott, J. Baird, “‘Back Together Again’ Again,” Environmental Values, vol. 7, no. 4, 1988b, p. 461-475.
- Callicott, J. Baird, “Review of Tom Regan, ‘The Case for Animal Rights,’” in J. Baird Callicott (ed.), In Defense of the Land Ethic, Albany, NY, State University of New York Press, 1989, p. 39-47.
- Coumou, Dim, Alexander Robinson and Stefan Rahmstorf, “Global Increase in Record-Breaking Monthly-Mean Temperatures,” Climatic Change, vol. 118, no. 3-4, 2013, p. 771-782.
- Diener, Ed, et al., Well-Being for Public Policy, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009.
- Driver, Julia, “A Humean Account of the Status and Character of Animals,” ,in Tom L. Beauchamp and R. G. Frey (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 144-171.
- Farm Animal Welfare Commission, “Farm Animal Welfare in Great Britain: Past, Present, and Future,” London, Farm Animal Welfare Commission (UK), 2013.
- Fraser, David, et al., “A Scientific Conception of Animal Welfare that Reflects Ethical Concerns,” Animal Welfare, vol. 6, 1997, p. 187-205.
- Fritz, Jo and Howell, Susan Menkhus, “Psychological Wellness for Captive Chimpanzees: An Evaluative Program,” Humane Innovations and Alternatives, vol. 7, 1993, p. 426-434.
- Garson, Justin, Anya Plutynski and Sahotra Sarkar, The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Biodiversity, London, Routledge, 2017.
- Garthoff, Jon, “Meriting Concern and Meriting Respect,” Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy, vol. 5, no. 2, 2011, p. 1-28.
- Gupta, Joydeep, “Loss and Damage, Here and Now,” The Third Pole, New Delhi, India, July 13, 2016, available at https://www.thethirdpole.net/2016/07/13/loss-and-damage-here-and-now/.
- Hooker, Brad, “Rule-Consequentialism, Incoherence, Fairness,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, vol. 95, 1995, p. 19-35.
- Horta, Oscar, “Debunking the Idyllic View of Natural Processes: Population Dynamics and Suffering in the Wild,” Télos, vol. 17, no. 1, 2010, p. 73-88.
- Horta, Oscar, “The Problem of Evil in Nature: Evolutionary Bases of the Prevalence of Disvalue,” Relations, vol. 3, no. 1, 2015, available at http://www.ledonline.it/index.php/Relations/article/view/825.
- Hsiung, Wayne and Cass R. Sunstein, “Climate Change and Animals,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review, vol. 155, no. 6, 2007, p. 1695-1740.
- Humane Society International, “Animal Agriculture & Climate Change”, accessed September 25, 2017, available at http://www.hsi.org/issues/climate_change/
- Huq, Saleemul, “Loss and Damage: A Guide for the Confused,” Climate Home, October 20, 2014, available at http://www.climatechangenews.com/2014/10/20/loss-and-damage-a-guide-for-the-confused/
- Hursthouse, Rosalind, “Applying Virtue Ethics to Our Treatment of the Other Animals,” in Jennifer Welchman (ed.), The Practice of Virtue: Classic and Contemporary Readings in Virtue Ethics, Indianapolis, IN, Hackett, 2006, p. 136-155.
- IPCC, “Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,” Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014a.
- IPCC, “Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,” Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014b.
- Jamieson, Dale, “Animal Liberation is an Environmental Ethic,” Environmental Values, vol. 7, no. 1, 1998, p. 41-57.
- Kagan, Shelly, “What’s Wrong with Speciesism?,” Journal of Applied Philosophy, vol. 33, no. 1, 2016, p. 1-21.
- Korsgaard, Christine M., “Fellow Creatures: Kantian Ethics and Our Duties to Animals,” in Grethe B. Peterson (ed.), The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press, 2004.
- Kriegel, Uriah, “Animal Rights: A NonConsequentialist Approach,” in K. Petrus and M. Wild (eds.), Animal Minds and Animal Ethics, Transcript Verlag, Bielefeld, 2013.
- Maier, Donald S., What’s So Good about Biodiversity? A Call for Better Reasoning about Nature’s Value, Dordrecht, Springer, 2013.
- Marchant-Forde, Jeremy N., “The Science of Animal Behavior and Welfare: Challenges, Opportunities, and Global Perspective,” Frontiers in Veterinary Science, vol. 2, no. 16, 2015, p. 1-6.
- Matheny, Gaverick and Kai M. A. Chan, “Human Diets and Animal Welfare: The Illogic of the Larder,” Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, vol. 18, no. 6, 2005, p. 579-594.
- McGillivary, Mark (ed.), Human Well-Being: Concept and Measurement, New York, Palgrave McMillan, 2007.
- McShane, Katie, “The Bearers of Value in Environmental Ethics,” in Avram Hiller, Ramona Ilea, and Leonard Kahn (eds.), Consequentialism and Environmental Ethics, London, Routledge, 2014.
- Noddings, Nel, Caring: A Relational Approach to Ethics and Moral Education, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2013.
- Nolt, John, “Nonanthropocentric Climate Ethics,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, vol. 2, no. 5, 2011, p. 701-711.
- Norcross, Alastair, “Puppies, Pigs, and People: Eating Meat and Marginal Cases,” Philosophical Perspectives, vol. 18, no. 1, 2004, p. 229-245.
- Nussbaum, Martha C., Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
- Nussbaum, Martha C., Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2007.
- OECD, How’s Life? 2015: Measuring Well-Being, Paris, OECD Publishing, 2015.
- Palmer, Clare, “Does Nature Matter? The Place of the Nonhuman in the Ethics of Climate Change,” in Denis G. Arnold (ed.), The Ethics of Global Climate Change, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 272-291.
- Pearce, David, “A Welfare State for Elephants? A Case Study of Compassionate Stewardship,” Relations, vol. 3, no. 2, 2015, available at http://www.ledonline.it/index.php/Relations/article/view/881.
- Pechony, Olga and Drew Shindell, “Driving Forces of Global Wildfires over the Past Millennium and the Forthcoming Century”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 107, no. 45, 2010, p. 19167-19170.
- Pielke, Roger, et al., “Climate Change 2007: Lifting the Taboo on Adaptation,” Nature, vol. 445, no. 7128, 2007, p. 597-598.
- Place, Sara E. and Frank M. Mitloehner, “The Nexus of Environmental Quality and Livestock Welfare,” Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, vol. 2, no. 1, 2014, p. 555-569.
- Regan, Tom, The Case for Animal Rights, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1983.
- Sagoff, Mark, “Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Bad Marriage, Quick Divorce,” Osgoode Hall Law Journal, vol. 22, no. 2, 1984, p. 297-308.
- Sarkar, Sahotra, Biodiversity and Environmental Philosophy: An Introduction, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
- Scanlon, T. M., What We Owe to Each Other, Cambridge, MA, The Belknap Press, 1998.
- Sen, Amartya, “Capability and Well-Being,” in Martha C. Nussbaum and Amartya Sen (eds.), The Quality of Life, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993, p. 30-53.
- Shields, Sara and Geoffrey Orme-Evans, “The Impacts of Climate Change Mitigation Strategies on Animal Welfare,” Animals, vol. 5, no. 2, 2015, p. 361-394.
- Singer, Peter, Animal Liberation, new revised edition, New York, Avon Books, 1990.
- Slote, Michael, The Ethics of Care and Empathy, London, Routledge, 2007.
- Swanton, Christine, Virtue Ethics: A Pluralistic View, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005.
- Tomasik, Brian, “How Many Wild Animals Are There?”, accessed September 25, 2017, available at http://reducing-suffering.org/how-many-wild-animals-are-there/
- Tooley, Michael, “Abortion and Infanticide,” Philosophy & Public Affairs, vol. 2, no. 1, 1972, p. 37-65.
- Tronto, Joan, “Women and Caring: What Can Feminists Learn about Morality from Caring?,” in Alison M. Jaggar and Susan R. Bordo (eds.), Gender/Body/Knowledge: Feminist Reconstructions of Being and Knowing, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1989, p. 172-187.
- UNFCCC, “Non-Economic Losses in the Context of the Work Programme on Loss and Damage: Technical Paper”, 2013, available at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2013/tp/02.pdf.
- Ura, Karma, et al., A Short Guide to Gross National Happiness Index, Thimphu, Bhutan, Center for Bhutan Studies, 2012.
- Walker, Rebecca L., “The Good Life for Non-Human Animals: What Virtue Requires of Humans,” in Rebecca L. Walker and Philip J. Ivanhoe (eds.), Working Virtue: Virtue Ethics and Contemporary Moral Problems, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 173-189.
- Welfare Quality Consortium, “Welfare Quality Assessment for Cattle”, Lelystad, Netherlands, 2009a.
- Welfare Quality Consortium, “Welfare Quality Assessment for Poultry (Broilers, Laying Hens),” Lelystad, Netherlands, 2009b.
- Wood, Allen W. and O’Neill, Onora, “Kant on Duties Regarding Nonrational Nature,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volume 72, 1998, p. 189-228.