Résumés
Résumé
Au cours des 80 dernières années, le fleuve Columbia, au Canada et aux États-Unis, a été soumis à une importante série d’interventions liées à l’irrigation, à l’hydroélectricité, à la gestion des crues et aux activités industrielles qui ont transformé un fleuve coulant librement en une « machine organique » (White 1995). Le traité du fleuve Columbia, conclu entre le Canada et les États-Unis à la fin des années 1960, est le dernier d’une longue série d’importants projets de développement remontant au barrage de Grand Coulee, construit dans les années 1940, et au Projet du bassin du Columbia (Columbia Basin Project), réalisé dans les années 1950. Le traité du fleuve Columbia est actuellement réexaminé et le processus de révision a révélé de nombreux points de tension entre les organismes gouvernementaux, les sociétés de production d’hydroélectricité et les nombreuses voix divergentes dont les intérêts n’ont pas été bien servis par le traité. Parmi ces voix se trouvent celles des peuples autochtones de part et d’autre de la frontière, des familles d’agriculteurs dont les terres et les moyens de subsistance ont été détruits par les barrages, des défenseurs de la justice sociale et des environnementalistes cherchant à restaurer les pêcheries et les habitats riverains dans tout le bassin. Collectivement, ces voix alternatives constituent un mouvement émergent de démocratie participative que nous appellerons, dans cet article, la « nation du bassin du Columbia ». Nous pensons que ce mouvement offre un modèle viable pour comprendre de quelle façon la justice sociale et environnementale, les droits des peuples autochtones, la résilience des écosystèmes et la restauration des habitats peuvent être intégrés dans un futur système de gouvernance de l’eau pour le bassin du Columbia.
Mots clés:
- Wagner,
- Taylor,
- bassin du fleuve Columbia,
- traité du fleuve Columbia,
- gouvernance de l’eau,
- mouvement de démocratie participative,
- droits des peuples autochtones,
- justice sociale,
- restauration de l’habitat,
- restauration des pêcheries
Abstract
Over the past 80 years, the Columbia River in Canada and the US has been subjected to a massive series of irrigation, hydropower, flood control and industrial interventions, transforming it from a free-flowing river to an « organic machine » (White 1995). The Columbia River Treaty between Canada and the United States, implemented in the late 1960s, is the most recent in a long series of massive development schemes dating back to the Grand Coulee Dam, constructed in the 1940s, and the Columbia Basin Project implemented in the 1950s. The Columbia River Treaty is now under review and the review process has revealed the multiple lines of tension that exist among government agencies, hydropower entities and the many alternative voices whose interests have not been well served by the treaty. Those voices include Indigenous People on both sides of the border, farming families whose lands and livelihoods were destroyed by dam projects, social justice advocates and environmentalists seeking to restore fisheries and riparian habitat throughout the Basin. Collectively, these alternative voices constitute an emergent, grassroots movement that in this paper we refer to as the « Columbia Basin Nation ». This movement, we argue, provides a viable model for understanding how social and environmental justice, Indigenous rights, ecosystem resilience and habitat restoration can be integrated into a future water governance system for the Columbia Basin.
Keywords:
- Wagner,
- Taylor,
- Columbia River Basin,
- Columbia River Treaty,
- water governance,
- grassroots movement,
- Indigenous rights,
- social justice,
- habitat restoration,
- fisheries restoration
Resumen
En el transcurso de los últimos 80 años, el río Columbia, en Canadá y Estados Unidos, ha estado sometido a importantes intervenciones relacionadas con el riego, la hidroelectricidad, el control de las inundaciones y a actividades industriales, que han convertido a un rio que fluía libremente en una «máquina orgánica» (White 1995). El Tratado del río Columbia entre Canadá y Estados Unidos, realizado a fines de los años 1960, es el último de una larga serie de proyectos importantes de desarrollo que remontan a la presa Grand Coulee, erigida en los años 1940, y al proyecto de la cuenca del Columbia (Columbia Basin Project), realizado en los años 1950. El Tratado del río Columbia actualmente está siendo revisado y dicho proceso muestra muchos puntos de tensión que existen entre los organismos gubernamentales, las sociedades de producción de hidroelectricidad y las numerosas voces divergentes cuyos intereses no han sido bien atendidos por el tratado. Entre dichas voces se halla la de los pueblos autóctonos de un lado y otro de la frontera, de familias de agricultores cuyas tierras y medios de subsistencias han sido destruidos por las presas, de defensores de la justicia social, de medioambientalistas que tratan de restaurar las pescaderías y los habitantes ribereños de toda la cuenca. Colectivamente, dichas voces alternativas constituyen un movimiento emergente de democracia participativa que hemos denominado, en este artículo, la «nación de la cuenca del rio Columbia». Consideramos que ese movimiento ofrece un modelo viable para comprender de qué manera la justicia social y medioambiental, los derechos de los pueblos autóctonos, la resiliencia de los ecosistemas y la restauración de hábitats pueden integrarse en un futuro sistema de gobernanza del agua de la cuenca del Columbia.
Palabras clave:
- Wagner,
- Taylor,
- cuenca del río Columbia,
- Tratado del río Columbia,
- gobernanza del agua,
- movimientos de democracia participativa,
- derechos autóctonos,
- justicia social,
- restauración del hábitat,
- restauración de actividades pesqueras
Parties annexes
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