Résumés
Résumé
Entre 1967 et 1977, quelque 10 millions de Tanzaniens ont été déplacés de leur terre affermée et regroupés dans des villages ujamaa (littéralement, familyhood) bâtis par suite d’une décision gouvernementale, donnant lieu ainsi à l’un des plus vastes programmes de réinstallation de l’histoire. Le président Julius Nyerere, « père » et philosophe du socialisme tanzanien, a justifié la villagisation en alléguant qu’elle permettrait d’améliorer la prestation de services de base à la population, tels que des cliniques médicales, des écoles et de l’eau potable. Or, dans la foulée de l’abandon progressif du programme et du discours socialistes au milieu des années 1980, le sort de ces villages demeure dans une large mesure inconnu. Comment les villageois évaluent-ils de nos jours la vie dans ces villages comparativement à ce qu’elle était à l’époque socialiste? Quels éléments de la coopération communale, s’il s’avère que celle‑ci a véritablement existé, ont été maintenus? Cet article fait état d’une enquête réalisée auprès de résidants d’anciens villages ujamaa de la région de Mwanza. Leurs témoignages apportent certaines réponses à ces questions et sont mis en contexte dans une plus vaste analyse de la politique agricole tanzanienne sous les régimes socialiste et postsocialiste.
Mots clés:
- Askew,
- villagisation,
- collectivisme,
- ujamaa,
- Nyerere,
- Tanzanie
Abstract
Between 1967 and 1977, some 10 million Tanzanians were moved from scattered individual holdings into government mandated Ujamaa (literally, ‘familyhood’) villages in one of the largest resettlement movements in history. President Julius Nyerere, ‘father’ and philosopher of Tanzanian socialism, justified villagization on the grounds of being better able to provide basic services, such as medical clinics, schools, and clean water, to the citizenry. Yet in the wake of the quiet abandonment of socialist policy and rhetoric in the mid-1980s, the fate of these villages remains largely unknown. How do villagers evaluate life in these villages now as compared to socialist times? Have any elements of communal cooperation that may have existed been retained? In this paper, interviewed with residents in former Ujamaa villages in Mwanza Region provide some answers to these questions and are contextualized within a broader analysis of agricultural policy in socialist and postsocialist Tanzania.
Key words:
- Askew,
- villagization,
- collectivism,
- ujamaa,
- Nyerere,
- Tanzania
Resumen
Entre 1967 y 1977, cerca de 10 millones de tanzano fueron desplazados de las tierras que rentaban y reagrupados en pueblos ujamaa (literalmente, lotes familiares) construidos por designio gubernamental, justificando así uno de los más vastos programas de re-localización de la historia. El presidente Julios Nyerere «padre» y filósofo del socialismo tanzano, había justificado la creación de esos pueblos argumentando que eso permitiría mejorar la prestación de servicios de base a la población, tal y como las clínicas médicas, las escuelas y el agua potable. Ahora bien, con el abandono progresivo del programa y del discurso socialista a mediados de los años 1980, aun se ignora cual será el destino de dichos pueblos. ¿Cómo sus habitantes evalúan actualmente la vida en esos pueblos comparada con lo que vivían durante la época socialista? ¿Cuáles son los elementos de la cooperación comunal, si realmente existió, que han perdurado? Este artículo reporta una investigación realizada entre los residentes de los antiguos pueblos ujamaa de la región de Mwanza. Sus afirmaciones permiten dilucidar ciertas cuestiones y han sido contextualizadas en el cuadro de un análisis más vasto de la política agrícola tanzana bajo los regímenes socialistas y post-socialistas.
Palabras clave:
- Askew,
- pueblos,
- colectivismo,
- ujamaa,
- Nyerere,
- Tanzania
Parties annexes
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