Résumés
Résumé
Les transformations successives des environnements de travail, notamment sur le plan technologique, s’avèrent émotionnellement exigeantes et sont susceptibles d’affecter les attitudes et la performance des travailleurs. Dans ce contexte, l’intelligence émotionnelle (IÉ) des gestionnaires a été soulevée comme une ressource substantielle pour soutenir et influencer leurs subordonnés. Cependant, étant donné la large étendue de résultats empiriques sur les effets potentiels de l’intelligence émotionnelle des gestionnaires (IÉG) sur les subordonnés au travail et la variété d’instruments de mesure de l’IÉ, la compréhension de ces effets potentiels dans la littérature demeure un défi à ce jour. Cette recension systématique, réalisée à partir du protocole PRISMA 2020, présente une synthèse qualitative des effets potentiels de l’IÉG sur les subordonnés et des processus impliqués, et ce, en classant les résultats à partir des trois courants de l’IÉ. À la suite du processus de sélection et de l’évaluation de la qualité des études, un total de 56 études (1990-2023) a été retenu. Les résultats révèlent que l’IÉG a un effet potentiel significatif sur la performance des subordonnés (performance individuelle; performance et efficacité d’équipe; créativité et comportements d’innovation et comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle) dans approximativement 85 % des études recensées et sur les attitudes (satisfaction individuelle et de groupe au travail; engagement et épuisement professionnel), les affects et les autres variables liées aux subordonnés dans approximativement 92 % des études. Le présent article illustre de manière complète et accessible les effets potentiels de l’IÉG sur les subordonnés et offre aux chercheurs un point de départ pour bâtir leur modèle d’étude.
Mots-clés :
- Intelligence émotionnelle,
- gestionnaires,
- subordonnés,
- impacts,
- recension systématique
Abstract
The successive transformations of work environments, particularly in terms of technology, prove to be emotionally demanding and are likely to impact worker attitudes and performance. In this context, manager emotional intelligence (EI) has been highlighted as a substantial resource to support and influence their subordinates. However, given the wide range of empirical findings on the potential effects of manager EI on subordinates at work and the variety of measurement instruments for EI, finding information on comprehension of these potential effects in the literature remains a challenge up to now. This systematic review, conducted using the PRISMA 2020 protocol, provides a qualitative synthesis of the potential effects of manager EI on subordinates and on the processes involved, classifying the results based on the three trends of EI. Following the selection and quality assessment process of the studies, a total of 56 studies (1990-2023) were selected. The results reveal that manager EI has a significant potential effect on subordinate performance (individual performance; team performance and effectiveness; innovation creativity and behaviours; organizational citizenship behaviours) in approximately 85% of the studies found. The results also showed that manager EI had a significant potential effect on the attitudes (individual and work group satisfaction; commitment and burnout), affects, and other variables related to subordinates in approximately 92% of the studies. This study comprehensively and accessibly illustrates the potential effects of manager EI on subordinates and provides researchers a starting point to build their study models.
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Abdullahi, A. Z., Anarfo, E. B. et Anyigba, H. (2020). The impact of leadership style on organizational citizenship behavior: Does leaders’ emotional intelligence play a moderating role? Journal of Management Development, 39(9 10), 963 987. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-01-2020-0012
- Ashkanasy, N. M. et Daus, C. S. (2005). Rumors of the death of emotional intelligence in organizational behavior are vastly exaggerated. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 441 452. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.320
- Ashkanasy, N. M. et Humphrey, R. H. (2014). Leadership and emotion: A multilevel perspective. Dans D. V. Day (dir.), The Oxford handbook of leadership and organizations (p. 783 804). Oxford University Press.
- Bakker, A. B. et Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309 328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
- Bar-On, R. (1997). The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): A test of emotional intelligence. Multi-Health Systems, Inc.
- Bar-On, R. (2000). Emotional and social intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Quotient Inventory. Dans R. Bar-On et J. D. A. Parker (dir.), The handbook of emotional intelligence: Theory, development, assessment, and application at home, school, and in the workplace (p. 363 388). Jossey-Bass/Wiley.
- Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema, 18, 13 25.
- Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. Wiley.
- Boyatzis, R. E. et Goleman, D. (2007). Emotional and Social Competence Inventory-Version 3. Hay Group.
- Boyatzis, R. E., Goleman, D. et Rhee, K. S. (2000). Clustering competence in emotional intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI). Dans R. Bar-On et J. D. A. Parker (dir.), The handbook of emotional intelligence: Theory, development, assessment, and application at home, school, and in the workplace (p. 343 362). Jossey-Bass.
- Carmeli, A. (2003). The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behaviors and outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(8), 788 813. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940310511881
- Castro, F., Gomes, J. et de Sousa, F. C. (2012). Do intelligent leaders make a difference? The effect of a leader’s emotional intelligence on followers’ creativity. Creativity and Innovation Management, 21(2), 171 182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2012.00636.x
- Cherniss, C. (2010). Emotional intelligence: Toward clarification of a concept. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3(2), 110 126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01231.x
- Conte, J. M. (2005). A review and critique of emotional intelligence measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 433 440. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.319
- Côté, S. (2014). Emotional intelligence in organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 459 488. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091233
- Gao, L., Janssen, O. et Shi, K. (2011). Leader trust and employee voice: The moderating role of empowering leader behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(4), 787 798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.05.015
- George, J. M. (2000). Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence. Human Relations, 53(8), 1027 1055. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700538001
- Gignac, G. E. (2010). Genos Emotional Intelligence Inventory: Technical Manual. Genos.
- Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. Bantam Books.
- Goleman, D. (2000). Leadership that gets results. Harvard Business Review, 78, 78 90.
- Gómez-Leal, R., Holzer, A. A., Bradley, C., Fernández, P. et Patti, J. (2022). The relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership in school leaders: A systematic review. Cambridge Journal of Education, 52(1), 1 21. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2021.1927987
- Groves, K. S., McEnrue, M. P. et Shen, W. (2008). Developing and measuring the emotional intelligence of leaders. Journal of Management Development, 27(2), 225 250. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710810849353
- Hodzic, S., Scharfen, J., Ripoll, P., Holling, H. et Zenasni, F. (2018). How efficient are emotional intelligence trainings: A meta-analysis. Emotion Review, 10(2), 138 148. https://doi.org/10.1177/17540739177
- Hu, X., Li, R., Kumari, K., Ben Belgacem, S., Fu, Q., Khan, M. et Alkhuraydili, A. (2023). Relationship between green leaders’ emotional intelligence and employees’ green behavior: A PLS-SEM approach. Behavioral Sciences, 13(1), 1 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13010025
- Huggins, K. A., White, D. W. et Stahl, J. (2016). Antecedents to sales force job motivation and performance: The critical role of emotional intelligence and affect-based trust in retailing managers. International Journal of Sales, Retailing & Marketing, 5(1), 27 37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2017.08.001
- Hur, Y., van den Berg, P. T. et Wilderom, C. P. M. (2011). Transformational leadership as a mediator between emotional intelligence and team outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(4), 591 603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.05.002
- Irshad, R. et Hashmi, M. S. (2014). How transformational leadership is related to organizational citizenship behavior? The mediating role of emotional intelligence. Pakistan Journal of Commerce & Social Sciences, 8(2), 413 425.
- Ivcevic, Z., Moeller, J., Menges, J. et Brackett, M. (2020). Supervisor emotionally intelligent behavior and employee creativity. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 55(1), 79 91. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.436
- Joanna Briggs Institute. (2008). Joanna Briggs Institute reviewers’ manual.
- Jordan, P. J., Ashkanasy, N. M., Härtel, C. E. J. et Hooper, G. S. (2002). Workgroup emotional intelligence: Scale development and relationship to team process effectiveness and goal focus. Human Resource Management Review, 12(2), 195 214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(02)00046-3
- Jordan, P. J. et Lawrence, S. A. (2009). Emotional intelligence in teams: Development and initial validation of the short version of the Workgroup Emotional Intelligence Profile (WEIP-S). Journal of Management & Organization, 15(4), 452 469. https://doi.org/10.5172/jmo.15.4.452
- Judge, T. A. et Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2012). Job attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 63(1), 341 367. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100511
- Kafetsios, K., Nezlek, J. B. et Vassiou, A. (2011). A multilevel analysis of relationships between leaders’ and subordinates’ emotional intelligence and emotional outcomes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(5), 1121 1144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00750.x
- Keller, S. B., Ralston, P. M. et LeMay, S. A. (2020). Quality output, workplace environment, and employee retention: The positive influence of emotionally intelligent supply chain managers. Journal of Business Logistics, 41(4), 337 355. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbl.12258
- Khairuddin, S. M. H. S. et Hussain, S. S. (2021). Impact on leader’s emotional intelligence on turnover intention: A mediation role of organization commitment. Journal of Management & Marketing Review, 6(4), 253 269. https://doi.org/10.35609/jmmr.2021.6.4(6)
- Khalili, A. (2016). Linking leader’s emotional intelligence competencies and employees’ creative performance and innovative behaviour: Evidence from different nations. International Journal of Innovation Management, 20(7), 1 22. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919616500699
- Khetjenkarn, S. et Agmapisarn, C. (2020). The effects of emotional labour on the outcomes of the job and the organization: Do the differences in age and the manager’s emotional intelligence have any impact in the hotel business? European Journal of Tourism Research, 25, article 2504. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v25i.419
- Kim, H. et Kim, T. (2017). Emotional intelligence and transformational leadership: A review of empirical studies. Human Resource Development Review, 16(4), 377 393. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484317729262
- Koman, E. S. et Wolff, S. B. (2008). Emotional intelligence competencies in the team and team leader: A multi-level examination of the impact of emotional intelligence on team performance. Journal of Management Development, 27(1), 55 75. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710810840767
- Kotsou, I., Mikolajczak, M., Heeren, A., Grégoire, J. et Leys, C. (2019). Improving emotional intelligence: A systematic review of existing work and future challenges. Emotion Review, 11(2), 151 165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073917735
- Laborde, S., Dosseville, F. et Allen, M. S. (2016). Emotional intelligence in sport and exercise: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 26(8), 862 874. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12510
- Law, K. S., Wong, C.-S., Huang, G.-H. et Li, X. (2008). The effects of emotional intelligence on job performance and life satisfaction for the research and development scientists in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 25(1), 51 69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-007-9062-3
- Lea, R. G., Davis, S. K., Mahoney, B. et Qualter, P. (2019). Does emotional intelligence buffer the effects of acute atress? A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, article 810. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00810
- Lee, C., Li, Y., Yeh, W. et Yu, Z. (2022). The effects of leader emotional intelligence, leadership styles, organizational commitment, and trust on job performance in the real estate brokerage industry. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, article 881725. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.881725
- Lee, C., Yeh, W., Yu, Z. et Lin, X. (2023). The relationships between leader emotional intelligence, transformational leadership, and transactional leadership and job performance: A mediator model of trust. Heliyon, 9, article e18007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18007
- Lee, M., Mayfield, C. O., Hinojosa, A. S., et Yooshin I. (2018). A dyadic approach to examining the emotional intelligence-work outcome relationship: The mediating role of LMX. Organization Management Journal, 15(1), 1 16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2018.1427539
- Levitats, Z., Vigoda‐Gadot, E. et Vashdi, D. R. (2019). Engage them through emotions: Exploring the role of emotional intelligence in public sector engagement. Public Administration Review, 79(6), 841 852. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13113
- Liu, H., Ahmed, S., Kakar, A. et Durrani, D. (2023). Creative performance and conflict through the lens of humble leadership: Testing a moderated mediation model. Behavioral Sciences, 13(6), article 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13060483
- Maamari, B. E. et Majdalani, J. F. (2017). Emotional intelligence, leadership style and organizational climate. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 25(2), 327 345. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-04-2016-1010
- Majeed, N. et Jamshed, S. (2021). Nursing turnover intentions: The role of leader emotional intelligence and team culture. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(2), 229 239. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13144
- Margheritti, S., Gragnano, A., Villa, R., Invernizzi, M., Ghetti, M. et Miglioretti, M. (2023). Being an emotional business leader in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic: The importance of emotions during a crisis. Sustainability, 15(4), article 3392. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043392
- Maslach, C. et Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99 113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
- Maslach, C. et Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout. Jossey Bass.
- Mattingly, V. et Kraiger, K. (2019). Can emotional intelligence be trained? A meta-analytical investigation. Human Resource Management Review, 29(2), 140 155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.03.002
- Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D. et Barsade, S. G. (2008). Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 59(1), 507 536. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093646
- Mayer, J. D. et Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? Dans P. Salovey et D. J. Sluyter (dir.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications. (p. 3 34). Basic Books.
- Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., Caruso, D. R. et Sitarenios, G. (2003). Measuring emotional intelligence with the MSCEIT V2.0. Emotion, 3(1), 97 105. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.97
- Mekpor, B. et Dartey-Baah, K. (2020). Beyond the job description: Exploring the mediating role of leaders’ emotional intelligence on the nexus between leadership styles and voluntary workplace behaviours in the Ghanaian banking sector. Journal of Management Development, 39(2), 240 252. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-04-2019-0104
- Miao, C., Humphrey, R. H. et Qian, S. (2016). Leader emotional intelligence and subordinate job satisfaction: A meta-analysis of main, mediator, and moderator effects. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 13 24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.056
- Miao, C., Humphrey, R. H. et Qian, S. (2017a). A meta-analysis of emotional intelligence and work attitudes. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 90(2), 177 202. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12167
- Miao, C., Humphrey, R. H. et Qian, S. (2017b). Are the emotionally intelligent good citizens or counterproductive? A meta-analysis of emotional intelligence and its relationships with organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 144 156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.015
- Miao, C., Humphrey, R. H. et Qian, S. (2018a). A cross-cultural meta-analysis of how leader emotional intelligence influences subordinate task performance and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of World Business, 53(4), 463 474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2018.01.003
- Miao, C., Humphrey, R. H. et Qian, S. (2018b). Emotional intelligence and authentic leadership: a meta-analysis, 12. https://doi.org/10/gdtb22
- Mikolajczak, M., Quoidbach, J., Kotsou, I. et Nélis, D. (2020). Les compétences émotionnelles. Dunod.
- O’Boyle Jr, E. H., Humphrey, R. H., Pollack, J. M., Hawver, T. H. et Story, P. A. (2011). The relation between emotional intelligence and job performance: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(5), 788 818. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.714
- O’Connor, P. J., Hill, A., Kaya, M. et Martin, B. (2019). The measurement of emotional intelligence: A critical review of the literature and recommendations for researchers and practitioners. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, article 1116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01116
- Pagani, M. et Champion, R. (2020, 14 décembre). Intelligence artificielle : quelles compétences pour le manager de demain? Harvard Business Review France. https://www.hbrfrance.fr/chroniques-experts/2020/12/32662-intelligence-artificielle-quelles-competences-pour-le-manager-de-demain/
- Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372(71), 1 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
- Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372(160), 1 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160
- Palmer, B. R. et Stough, C. (2002). Swinburne University Emotional Intelligence Test (Workplace SUEIT). Interim technical manual (Version 2). Swinburne University of Technology.
- Petrides, K. V. (2009). Psychometric properties of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue). Dans J. D. A. Parker, D. H. Saklofske et C. Stough (dir.), Assessing Emotional Intelligence (p. 85 101). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88370-0_5
- Petrides, K. V., Niven, L. et Mouskounti, T. (2006). The trait emotional intelligence of ballet dancers and musicians. Psicothema, 18, 101 107.
- Rahim, M. A., Psenicka, C., Polychroniou, P., Zhao, J. H., Yu, C. S., Chan, K. A., Susana, K. W. Y., Alves, M. G., Lee, C. W., Rahman, M. S., Ferdausy, S. et Wyk, R. V. (2002). A model of emotional intelligence and conflict management strategies: A study in seven countries. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 10(4), 302 326. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.429760
- Rego, A. et Fernandes, C. (2005). Inteligência emocional: Contributos adicionais para a validação de um instrumento de medida [Emotional intelligence: Further contributions for validating a measurement instrument]. Psicologia: Revista da Associação Portuguesa Psicologia, 19(1 2), 139 167.
- Rego, A., Sousa, F., Pina e Cunha, M., Correia, A. et Saur-Amaral, I. (2007). Leader self-reported emotional intelligence and perceived employee creativity: An exploratory study. Creativity and Innovation Management, 16(3), 250 264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2007.00435.x
- Rizwan, A. et Serbaya, S. (2019). An empirical study about the impact of managers’ emotional intelligence on workers’ stress and motivation in SME’s. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 78(12), 817 821.
- Saikia, M., George, L. S., Unnikrishnan, B., Nayak, B. S. et Ravishankar, N. (2023). Thirty years of emotional intelligence: A scoping review of emotional intelligence training programme among nurses. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 00, 1 15. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13235
- Schaubroeck, J. M., Peng, A. C. et Hannah, S. T. (2013). Developing trust with peers and leaders: Impacts on organizational identification and performance during entry. Academy of Management Journal, 56(4), 1148 1168. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0358
- Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V. G. et Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 3(1), 71 92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
- Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J. et Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(2), 167 177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00001-4
- Scott-Halsell, S. A., Blum, S. C. et Huffman, L. (2008). A study of emotional intelligence levels in hospitality industry professionals. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 7(2), 135 152. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332840802156873
- Shamshad, I. et Khan, M. K. N. (2020). Emotional intelligence, transformational leadership, self-efficacy for well-being: A longitudinal study using sequential mediation. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(3), 1 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2506
- Stevens, J. P. (2002). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (4e éd.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Sy, T., Tram, S. et O’Hara, L. A. (2006). Relation of employee and manager emotional intelligence to job satisfaction and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3), 461 473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.003
- Tang, H., Wang, G., Zheng, J., Luo, L. et Wu, G. (2020). How does the emotional intelligence of project managers affect employees’ innovative behaviors and job performance? The moderating role of social network structure hole. SAGE Open, 10(4), 1 15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020969382
- Torres, G. C., Ledbetter, L., Cantrell, S., Alomo, A. R. L., Blodgett, T. J., Bongar, M. V., Hatoum, S., Hendren, S., Loa, R., Montaña, S., Sumile, E. F., Turner, K. M. et Relf, M. V. (2024). Adherence to PRISMA 2020 reporting guidelines and scope of systematic reviews published in nursing: A cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 56(4), 531–541. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12969
- Walter, F., Cole, M. S. et Humphrey, R. H. (2011). Emotional intelligence: Sine qua non of leadership or folderol. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 25(1), 45 59. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMP.2011.59198449
- Weiss, H. M. et Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18(1), 1 74.
- Winton, B. (2022). Emotional intelligence congruence: The influence of leader and follower emotional abilities on job satisfaction. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 43(5), 788 801. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-04-2021-0163
- Wolff, S. B. (2005). Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI) technical manual. Hay Group.
- Wolmarans, I. S. et Martins, N. (2001). 360-Degree Emotional Competency Profiler. Organisational Diagnostics and Learning Link International.
- Wong, C. A., Cummings, G. G. et Ducharme, L. (2013). The relationship between nursing leadership and patient outcomes: A systematic review update. Journal of Nursing Management, 21(5), 709 724. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12116
- Wong, C. S. et Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(3), 243 274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00099-1
- Wong, C.-S., Law, K. S. et Wong, P.-M. (2004). Development and validation of a forced choice emotional intelligence measure for Chinese respondents in Hong Kong. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 21(4), 535 559. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:APJM.0000048717.31261.d0
- World Economic Forum. (2020). The future of jobs report 2020. World Economic Forum.
- Xu, X., Pang, W. et Xia, M. (2021). Are emotionally intelligent people happier? A meta‐analysis of the relationship between emotional intelligence and subjective well‐being using Chinese samples. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 24(4), 477 498. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12445
- Yang, F. X. et Lau, V. M.-C. (2019). Evil customers, an angel boss and coopetitive coworkers: Burnout of frontline employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 83, 1 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.04.004
- Zhao, X., Hwang, B.-G. et Pheng Low, S. (2014). Enterprise risk management implementation in construction firms: An organizational change perspective. Management Decision, 52(5), 814 833. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-02-2014-0082