Résumés
Résumé
Le secteur public québécois évolue dans un contexte de changement avec des départs massifs à la retraite des gestionnaires de la génération des baby-boomers. Ces départs posent un problème de perte des connaissances tacites managériales essentielles à la performance des ministères et organismes et à la qualité des services rendus aux citoyens. Cette recherche explore comment le mentorat peut agir comme mécanisme de partage des connaissances tacites managériales en contexte de changement entre les gestionnaires expérimentés et ceux des générations X et Y en investiguant les types de connaissances managériales partagées et acquises, de même que les conditions et mécanismes les favorisant. En adoptant une approche qualitative auprès de 52 mentorés et 11 mentors qui participent à un programme de mentorat gouvernemental, cette recherche montre que les connaissances tacites transférées aux jeunes gestionnaires par les mentors concernent l’environnement de la fonction publique, la gestion et la perception de soi comme gestionnaire. De plus, les résultats montrent que pour que le partage des connaissances tacites managériales soit effectif, la relation mentorale doit être structurée et souple et que les deux acteurs de la dyade aient recours à des mécanismes, tels que la déduction et l’induction, la simulation, l’observation, l’accompagnement et la mise en application des connaissances reçues suivie d’une rétroaction. Ainsi, cette recherche propose un cadre de partage des connaissances tacites managériales favorisant le développement accéléré des compétences des jeunes gestionnaires. En identifiant les conditions et mécanismes privilégiant leur partage, elle offre aux responsables organisationnels une démarche d’implantation de programmes de mentorat à partir de laquelle ils pourront s’inspirer.
Mots-clés :
- Mentorat,
- partage des connaissances tacites,
- compétences managériales,
- changement dans le secteur public,
- transfert intergénérationnel
Abstract
The Quebec public sector is evolving in a context of change, with massive retirements of managers from the baby boomer generation. These retirements create a problem with the loss of tacit managerial knowledge that is essential to the performance of ministries and organisations, and the quality of services rendered to the citizens. This research explores how mentoring can act as a mechanism for sharing tacit managerial knowledge in a context of change between experienced managers and those of generations X and Y, by investigating the types of managerial knowledge shared and acquired, as well as the conditions and mechanisms that foster it. By adopting a qualitative approach with 52 mentees and 11 mentors participating in a government mentoring program, this research shows that the tacit knowledge transferred to young managers by mentors concerns the public service environment, management and self-perception as a manager. Furthermore, the results show that for the sharing of tacit managerial knowledge to be effective, the mentoring relationship must be structured and flexible, and both actors in the dyad must resort to mechanisms such as deduction and induction, simulation, observation, coaching and the application of the knowledge received, followed by feedback. Thus, this research proposes a framework for sharing tacit managerial knowledge that promotes accelerated development of young manager skills. By identifying the conditions and mechanisms for sharing tacit knowledge, it provides organizational leaders with an approach for implementing mentoring programs, from which they can draw inspiration.
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Allen, T. D. (2007). Mentoring relationships from the perspective of the mentor. Dans Ragins, B. R., & Kram, K. E. (Eds). The handbook of mentoring at work: Theory, research, and practice (p. 123-147). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
- Allen, T. D., Eby, L. T., Chao, G. T. et Bauer, T. N. (2017). Taking stock of two relational aspects of organizational life: Tracing the history and shaping the future of socialization and mentoring research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 324–337. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000086
- Al-Zoubi, M. O., Alrowwad, A. A. et Masa’deh, R. E. (2020). Exploring the relationships among tacit knowledge sharing, mentoring and employees’ abilities: The case of Al-Hikma pharmaceutical company in Jordan. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 50(1), 34-56. https://doi.org/10.1108/VJIKMS-04-2019-0048
- Ayerbe, C. et Missonier, A. (2007). Validité interne et validité externe de l’étude de cas: principes et mise en oeuvre pour un renforcement mutuel. Finance Contrôle Stratégie, 10(2), 37-62.
- Baumann, N. et Schachtner, C. (2020). Social Media as a channel for public sector transformation via online mentoring. Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days, 338, 217-229. https://doi.org/10.24989/ocg.338.17
- Bayley, H., Chambers, R. et Donovan, C. (2016). The good mentoring toolkit for healthcare. Radicliffe Publishing.
- Bello, M. A. et Mansor, Y. (2013). Strengthening professional expertise: Mentoring in knowledge transfer, the cataloguers' perspective. The International Information & Library Review, 45(3), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iilr.2013.10.006
- Benington, J. et Moore, M. H. (2011). Public value in complex and changing times. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Block, P. (2016). The empowered manager: Positive political skills at work. John Wiley & Sons.
- Bol, J. C., Estep, C., Moers, F. et Peecher, M. E. (2018). The role of tacit knowledge in auditor expertise and human capital development. Journal of Accounting Research, 56(4), 1205-1252. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.12220
- Bozeman, B. (2007). Public values and public interest: Counterbalancing economic individualism. Georgetown University Press.
- Bozeman, B. et Feeney, M. K. (2008). Public management mentoring: What affects outcomes? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 19(2), 427-452. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mun007
- Bozeman, B. et Feeney, M. K. (2009). Public management mentoring: A three-tier model. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 29(2), 134-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X08325768
- Bozionelos, N., Kostopoulos, K., Van Der Heijden, B., Rousseau, D. M., Bozionelos, G., Hoyland, T. et Van der Heijde, C. (2016). Employability and job performance as links in the relationship between mentoring receipt and career success: A study in SMEs. Group & Organization Management, 41(2), 135-171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601115617086
- Bryant, A. L., Brody, A. A., Perez, A., Shillam, C., Edelman, L. S., Bond, S. M., ... et Siegel, E. O. (2015). Development and implementation of a peer mentoring program for early career gerontological faculty. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 47(3), 258-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12135
- Bryman, A., Bell, E., Chandon, P., Wansink, B., Laurent, G., Denscombe, M. et Thornhill, A. (2003). Research methods for business students. Pearson Education
- Buddhapriya, S. (2017). Mentoring experiences: a study of Indian public sector professionals. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 52(4), 689-705. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26536428
- Burnette, M. (2017). Tacit knowledge sharing among library colleagues: a pilot study. Reference Services Review, 45(3), 382-397. https://doi.org/10.1108/RSR-11-2016-0082
- Bush, T., Coleman, M., Wall, D. et West-Burnham, J. (2018). Mentoring and continuing professional development. Dans H. Hagger & D. McIntyre (Eds.), Mentors in Schools (pp. 121-143). Routledge.
- Chatterjee, S., Dey, A. K. et Chaturvedi, H. (2021). Effect of Mentoring on Job Performance among Indian Millennials: A Quantitative Study. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching & Mentoring, 19(1), 90-104. https://doi.org/10.24384/nq43-ar60
- Chaudhuri, S. et Ghosh, R. (2012). Reverse mentoring: A social exchange tool for keeping the boomers engaged and millennials committed. Human Resource Development Review, 11(1), 55-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484311417562
- Chen, Y. C. (2013). Effect of reverse mentoring on traditional mentoring functions. Leadership and Management in Engineering, 13(3), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LM.1943-5630.0000227
- Chen, Z. et Vogel, D. (2016). How Mentorship Improves Reverse Transfer of Tacit Knowledge in Chinese Multinational Companies (MNCs). Dans Vogel D., Guo X., Linger H., Barry C., Lang M., Schneider C. (Eds), Transforming Healthcare Through Information Systems (pp. 125-134). Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation, Springer.
- Clark, K. R. (2017). Managing multiple generations in the workplace. Radiologic technology, 88(4), 379-396.
- Colleret, M. et Gingras, Y. (2020). L'intelligence artificielle au Québec: un réseau tricoté serré (Note de recherche, UQAM).
- Côté, L. (2014). L'État démocratique, fondements et défis. Presses de l'Université du Québec (2ème édition).
- Corwin, R. J. (2015). Strategies to retain tacit knowledge from baby boomers. Doctoral Dissertation. Walden University.
- Crisp G et Cruz I. (2009). Mentoring college students: A critical review of the literature between 1990 and 2007. Research in Higher Education, 50, 525-545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-009-9130-2
- Cuerrier C. (2004). Le mentorat appliqué au monde du travail : analyse québécoise et canadienne. Carriérologie, 9, 19-530.
- Curtis, M. B. et Taylor, E. Z. (2018). Developmental mentoring, affective organizational commitment, and knowledge sharing in public accounting firms. Journal of Knowledge Management. 22(1), 142-161. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-03-2017-0097
- Dalkir, K. (2010). La continuité du savoir: préservation et transmission du savoir dans le secteur public. Télescope, 16(1), 146-167.
- Dewey, J. (1938). Education and experience. Touchstone.
- Eby LT. (1997). Alternative forms of mentoring in changing organizational environments: A conceptual extension of the mentoring literature. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51(1), 125-144. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1997.1594
- Eby, L. T., Rhodes, J. E. et Allen, T. D. (2007). Definition and evolution of mentoring. In Allen, T. D., & Eby, L. T. (Eds). The Blackwell handbook of mentoring: A multiple perspectives approach (p. 7-20). Blackwell publishing.
- Eby, L. T., Allen, T. D., Evans, S. C., Ng, T. et DuBois, D. L. (2008). Does mentoring matter? A multidisciplinary meta-analysis comparing mentored and non-mentored individuals. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72(2), 254-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.04.005
- Edwards, J. S. (2017). Knowledge sharing: at the heart of knowledge management. Dans P. Jain et N. Mnjama (Eds.), Managing knowledge resources and records in modern organizations (p.1-14). IGI Global.
- Ehrich, L. et Hansford, B. (2008). Mentoring in the public sector. International Journal of Practical Experiences in Professional Education, 11(1), 1-16.
- Eller, L. S., Lev, E. Lt. et Feurer, A. (2014). Key components of an effective mentoring relationship: A qualitative study. Nurse Education Today, 34(5), 815-820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2013.07.020
- Facal, J. et Mazouz, B. (2013). L’imputabilité des dirigeants publics: éléments de théorie et observations tirées de l’expérience québécoise. Revue française de gestion, (8), 117-132. https://doi.org/10.3166/RFG.237.117-132
- Felício, T., Samagaio, A. et Rodrigues, R. (2021). Adoption of management control systems and performance in public sector organizations. Journal of Business Research, 124, 593-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.069
- Fleig-Palmer, M. M. et Schoorman, F. D. (2011). Trust as a moderator of the relationship between mentoring and knowledge transfer. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 18(3), 334-343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051811408615
- Frappaolo, C. (2008). Implicit knowledge. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 6(1), 23-25. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500168
- Fusch, P. I. et Ness, L. R. (2015). Are we there yet? Data saturation in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 20(9), 1408-1416. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2015.2281
- Gallupe, B. (2001). Knowledge management systems: surveying the landscape. International Journal of Management Reviews, 3(1), 61-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2370.00054
- Gao, F., Li, M., & Clarke, S. (2008). Knowledge, management, and knowledge management in business operations. Journal of Knowledge Management, 12(2), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270810859479
- Gardner, D. R. (2014). The impact of mentoring on the self-perceived personal and professional success of African American women graduates of a Midwestern university. Doctoral thesis, Western Michigan University.
- Garvey, R., Garvey, B., Stokes, P. et Megginson, D. (2017). Coaching and mentoring: Theory and practice. Sage.
- Glaser, B. G. et Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative theory. Aldine Transaction.
- Guay, M.-M. (2003). La gestion de la relève dans la fonction publique québécoise. Télescope, 11, 12-17.
- Guay, M.-M. et Lirette, A. (2003). Guide sur le mentorat pour la fonction publique québécoise. Québec: Centre d’expertise en gestion des ressources humaines.
- Hamburg, I. (2013). Facilitating Learning and Knowledge Transfer through Mentoring. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Supported Education (CSEDU), 219-222.
- Hamburg, I. et Marian, M. (2012) Supporting knowledge transfer and mentoring in companies by e-learning and cloud computing. International Conference on Web-Based Learning. Springer, USA, 231-240.
- Hamidullah, M. F. (2015). Managing the next generation of public workers: A public solutions handbook. Routledge.
- Harvey, J.-F. (2012). Managing organizational memory with intergenerational knowledge transfer. Journal of Knowledge Management, 16(3), 400-417. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271211238733
- Harvey, M., McIntyre, N., Thompson Heames, J. et Moeller, M. (2009). Mentoring global female managers in the global marketplace: Traditional, reverse, and reciprocal mentoring. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(6), 1344-1361. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190902909863
- Haynes, P. (2015). Managing complexity in the public services. Routledge.
- Houdé, R. (2010). Des mentors pour la relève. Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Johnson, W. B. et Ridley, C. R. (2018). The Elements of Mentoring: 75 Practices of Master Mentors. St. Martin's Press.
- Johnson, W. B., Long, S., Smith, D. G. et Griffin, K. A. (2022). Creating a mentoring culture in graduate training programs. Training and Education in Professional Psychology.
- Jones, R. et Brown, D. (2011). The mentoring relationship as a complex adaptive system: Finding a model for our experience. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 19(4), 401-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2011.622077
- Juriševič Brčić, Ž. et Mihelič, K. K. (2015). Knowledge sharing between different generations of employees: an example from Slovenia. Economic research-Ekonomska istraživanja, 28(1), 853-867. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2015.1092308
- Karagoz, Y., Korthaus, A. et Augar, N. (2016). How do ICT project managers manage project knowledge in the public sector? An empirical enquiry from the Victorian Public Sector in Australia. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 20, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v20i0.1313
- Knowles, M. S. (1970). The modern practice of adult education: Andragogy verus pedagogy. The Association.
- Kolb, D. (1984). Experiential education: Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice-Hall.
- Kram, K. E. (1980). Mentoring at work: Developmental relationships in managerial careers. Doctoral dissertation, Yale University.
- Kram, K. E. (1985). Mentoring at work: Developmental relationships in organizational life. University Press of America.
- Kuyken, K. (2009). La gestion intraorganisationnelle des connaissances du personnel d’âge mûr hautement qualifié dans les entreprises de haute technologie: une étude comparée au Québec et en Allemagne/mémoire présenté comme exigence partielle de la maîtrise en administration des affaires. Université de Québec à Montréal.
- Kuyken, K., Ebrahimi, M. et Saives, A.-L. (2014). Vers une typologie des pratiques de transfert des connaissances entre générations. Paper presented at the Colloque International Gestion des Connaissances dans la Société et les Organisations (GeCSO), Aix en Provence, France.
- Kuyken, K. (2015). L'influence des institutions sur les pratiques managériales de transfert intergénérationnel des connaissances dans les entreprises de haute-technologie: une comparaison Québec-Allemagne. (Doctotrat), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal.
- Laiho, M. et Brandt, T. (2012). Views of HR specialists on formal mentoring: current situation and prospects for the future. Career Development International, 17(5), 435-457. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431211269694
- Lamari, M. (2010). Le transfert intergénérationnel des connaissances tacites : les concepts utilisés et les évidences empiriques démontrées. Télescope, 16(1), 39-65.
- Lankau, M. J. et Scandura, T. A. (2002). An investigation of personal learning in mentoring relationships: Content, antecedents, and consequences. Academy of Management Journal, 45(4), 779-790. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069311
- Lancer, N., Clutterbuck, D. et Megginson, D. (2016). Techniques for coaching and mentoring. Routledge.
- Lankau, M. J. et Scandura, T. A. (2007). Mentoring as a forum for personal learning in organizations. Dams Ragins, B. R., & Kram, K. E. (Eds). The handbook of mentoring at work: Theory, research, and practice (p. 95-122). Sage Publications.
- Lauzon, N., Roussel, J.-F., Solar, C. et Bouffard, M. (2013). La transmission intraorganisationnelle des savoirs : une perspective managériale anglo-saxonne. Savoirs, 31(1), 9-48. https://doi.org/10.3917/savo.031.0009
- Lavis, J. N. (2006). Research, public policymaking, and knowledge‐translation processes: Canadian efforts to build bridges. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 26(1), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/chp.49
- Lee, H. et Choi, B. (2003). Knowledge management enablers, processes, and organizational performance: An integrative view and empirical examination. Journal of Management Information Systems, 20(1), 179-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2003.11045756
- Légaré, L. (2014). Les facteurs influençant la transmission des savoirs professionnels en lien avec la viabilité hivernale : étude auprès des contremaîtres de la voirie des municipalités du Québec. Montréal (Québec, Canada) : Université du Québec à Montréal.
- Lemay, L., Bernier, L., Rinfret, N. et Houlfort, N. (2012). Maturité organisationnelle des organisations publiques et management des connaissances. Canadian Public Administration, 55(2), 291-314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-7121.2012.00223.x
- Lewin, K. (1974). (Traduction de C. Faucheux, 1959). Psychologie dynamique: les relations humaines, morceaux choisis. Presses universitaires de France.
- Li, M. et Gao, F. (2003). Why Nonaka highlights tacit knowledge: a critical review. Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(4), 6-14. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270310492903
- Lindbo, T. L. et Shultz, K. S. (1998). The role of organizational culture and mentoring in mature worker socialization toward retirement. Public Productivity & Management Review, 22(1), 49-59. https://doi.org/10.2307/3380589
- Manaf, H. A., Harvey, W. S., Armstrong, S. J. et Lawton, A. (2020). Differences in personality and the sharing of managerial tacit knowledge: an empirical analysis of public sector managers in Malaysia. Journal of Knowledge Management, 24(5), 1177-1199. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-01-2020-0014
- Martin-de-Castro, G., López-Sáez, P. et Navas-López, J. E. (2008). Processes of knowledge creation in knowledge-intensive firms: Empirical evidence from Boston's Route 128 and Spain. Technovation, 28(4), 222-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2007.10.002
- Mihas, P. (2019). Qualitative data analysis. In Oxford research encyclopedia of education.
- Miles, M. B. et Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage.
- Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M. et Saldana, J. (2013). Qualitative data analysis. Sage.
- Moore, M. H. (2021). Creating public value: the core idea of strategic management in government. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 6(1), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2021.v6i1.219
- McQueen, R. J. et Janson, A. (2016). Accelerating tacit knowledge building of client-facing consultants. The Learning Organization, 23(4), 202-217. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-07-2015-0035
- Nascimento, L. D. C. N., Souza, T. V. D., Oliveira, I. C. D. S., Moraes, J. R. M. M. D., Aguiar, R. C. B. D. et Silva, L. F. D. (2018). Theoretical saturation in qualitative research: an experience report in interview with schoolchildren. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 71(1), 228-233. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0616
- Naweed, A. et Ambrosetti, A. (2015). Mentoring in the rail context: the influence of training, style, and practice. Journal of Workplace Learning, 27(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-11-2013-0098
- Noe, R. A., Greenberger, D. B. et Wang, S. (2002). Mentoring: What we know and where we might go. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management. 21, 129-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-7301(02)21003-8
- Nokkala, T., Aarnikoivu, M. et Kiili, J. (2022). Multidisciplinary peer-mentoring groups supporting knowledge sharing in doctoral education. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 66(5), 865-878. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2021.1939142
- Nonaka, I. et Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge creation company: how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. Oxford University Press.
- Nonaka, I. et Toyama, R. (2015). The Knowledge-creating Theory Revisited: Knowledge Creation as a Synthesizing Process. Dans Edwards J.S. (Ed). The Essentials of Knowledge Management. OR Essentials Series. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Nonaka, I., Toyama, R. et Konno, N. (2000). SECI, Ba and leadership: a unified model of dynamic knowledge creation. Long Range Planning, 33(1), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(99)00115-6
- Nonaka, I. et Von Krogh, G. (2009). Perspective—Tacit knowledge and knowledge conversion: Controversy and advancement in organizational knowledge creation theory. Organization Science, 20(3), 635-652. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1080.0412
- OCDE (2018). Le Système d’innovation de la fonction publique du Canada. Éditions OCDE.
- O'Flynn, J. (2007). From new public management to public value: Paradigmatic change and managerial implications. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 66(3), 353-366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2007.00545.x
- O’Kane, P., Smith, A. et Lerman, M. P. (2021). Building transparency and trustworthiness in inductive research through computer-aided qualitative data analysis software. Organizational Research Methods, 24(1), 104-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428119865016
- Ouédraogo, M. et Rinfret, N. (2019). The sharing and management of managers' knowledge: A structured literature review. Knowledge and process management, 26(3), 244-261. https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1606
- O’Toole, B. J. (2019). The public interest: a political and administrative convenience?. Dans Ethics in public service for the new millennium (p. 71-91). Routledge.
- Panahi, S., Watson, J. et Partridge, H. (2013). Towards tacit knowledge sharing over social web tools. Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(3), 379-397. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-11-2012-0364
- Paquet, M. (2020). Immigration, bureaucracies and policy formulation: The case of Quebec. International Migration, 58(1), 166-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12555
- Park, J. G. et Lee, J. (2014). Knowledge sharing in information systems development projects: Explicating the role of dependence and trust. International Journal of Project Management, 32(1), 153-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.02.004
- Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. SAGE Publications.
- Pham, T. T., Bell, R. et Newton, D. (2018). Sharing tacit business knowledge between founder and successor in family business: case studies in Vietnam. International Journal of Family Business Practices, 1(1), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.33021/ijfbp.v1i1.630
- Piaget, J. (1970). L’épistémologie génétique. Presses universitaires de France.
- Polanyi, M. et Grene, M. G. (1969). Knowing and Being Essays. University of Chicago Press.
- Pruett, C. C. (2020). Intergenerational Mentoring: A Systematic Review of Facilitating Knowledge Transfer in a Multigenerational Workforce. Doctoral thesis, University of Maryland, University College.
- Ramaswami, A. & Dreher, G. (2011). “Workplace Mentoring Relationships”, Dans Allen, T. D. et Eby, L. T. (Eds.). The Blackwell handbook of mentoring: A multiple perspectives approach (p. 211-246). John Wiley & Sons.
- Ranucci, R. A. et Souder, D. (2015). Facilitating tacit knowledge transfer: routine compatibility, trustworthiness, and integration in M & As. Journal of Knowledge Management, 19(2), 257-276. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-06-2014-0260
- Rashid, Y., Rashid, A., Warraich, M. A., Sabir, S. S. et Waseem, A. (2019). Case study method: A step-by-step guide for business researchers. International journal of qualitative methods, 18, 18, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919862424
- Ravitch, S. M. et Carl, N. M. (2015). Qualitative research: Bridging the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological. Sage Publications.
- Reinstein, A., Sinason, D. H. et Fogarty, T. J. (2012). Examining mentoring in public accounting organizations. Review of Business, 33(1), 40-49. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A326656945/AONE?u=googlescholar&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=48d21b5a
- Riege, A. et Lindsay, N. (2006). Knowledge management in the public sector: stakeholder partnerships in the public policy development. Journal of Knowledge Management, 10(3), 24-39. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270610670830
- Rinfret, N., Bernier, L., Houlfort, N., Lemay, L. et Mercier, D. (2010). Défis et enjeux des connaissances: la réalité des cadres de la fonction publique québécoise. Télescope, 16(1), 208-224.
- Rinfret, N. et Houlfort, N. (2016). Pratiques exemplaires et mapping du savoir : la gestion des connaissances dans le secteur public Projet de recherche. Manuscrit inédit. ENAP.
- Ritchie, N. et Connolly, M. (1993). Mentoring in Public Sector Management. Confronting Accountability and Control. Management Education and Development, 24(3), 266-279. https://doi.org/10.1177/135050769302400313
- Russell, J. E. et Adams, D. M. (1997). The changing nature of mentoring in organizations: An introduction to the special issue on mentoring in organizations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51(1), 1-14.
- Sánchez, M. et Kaplan, M. (2014). Intergenerational learning in higher education: Making the case for multigenerational classrooms. Educational Gerontology, 40(7), 473-485. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2013.844039
- Savoie, A., Lapointe, D., Laroche, R. et Brunet, L. (2008). La relation mentorale formelle en milieu de travail : Apports de la recherche à la pratique. Pratiques Psychologiques, 14(2), 171-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prps.2007.11.012
- Schoch, K. (2020). Case study research, Dams Burkholder, G. J., Cox, K. A., Crawford, L. M., & Hitchcock, J. H. (Eds.). Research design and methods: An applied guide for the scholar-practitioner (p.245-258). Sage Publications.
- Secrétariat du Conseil du trésor. (2002). Le rajeunissement de la fonction publique québécoise : orientations et plan d’action. Québec: Gouvernement du Québec.
- Secrétariat du Conseil du trésor. (2012). Une fonction publique moderne au service des Québécois. Stratégie de gestion des ressources humaines 2012–2017. Québec: Gouvernement du Québec.
- Secrétariat du Conseil du trésor. (2022a). Référentiel de compétences du gestionnaire-leader de la fonction publique québécoise. Québec: Gouvernement du Québec.
- Secrétariat du Conseil du trésor. (2022b). L’effectif de la fonction publique du Québec 2021-2022. Faits saillants. Québec: Gouvernement du Québec.
- Singh Sandhu, M., Kishore Jain, K. et Umi Kalthom bte Ahmad, I. (2011). Knowledge sharing among public sector employees: evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 24(3), 206-226. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513551111121347
- Stephenson, G. (2014). Breaking traditions with reciprocal mentoring. Nursing Management, 45(6), 10-12. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000449766.91747.77
- Stokes, P., Fatien Diochon, P. et Otter, K. (2021). “Two sides of the same coin?” Coaching and mentoring and the agentic role of context. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1483(1), 142-152. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14316
- Straus, A. et Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research. Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage.
- Strauss, A. et Corbin, J. M. (1997). Grounded theory in practice. Sage.
- Suddaby, R. (2006). From the editors: What grounded theory is not. Academy of Management Journal, 49(4), 633-642. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2006.22083020
- Swap, W., Leonard, D. et Mimi Shields, L. A. (2001). Using mentoring and storytelling to transfer knowledge in the workplace. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18, 95-114. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814295505_0006
- Tangaraja, G., Rasdi, R. M., Ismail, M. et Samah, B. A. (2015). Fostering knowledge sharing behaviour among public sector managers: a proposed model for the Malaysian public service. Journal of Knowledge Management, 19(1), 121-140. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-11-2014-0449
- Thomas, D. R. (2006). A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(2), 237-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214005283748
- Tsen, L. C., Borus, J. F., Nadelson, C. C., Seely, E. W., Haas, M. A. et Fuhlbrigge, A. L. (2012). The development, implementation, and assessment of an innovative faculty mentoring leadership program. Academic Medicine, 87(12), 1751-1761. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182712cff
- Tran, T. T. C. (2022). La contribution de la gestion des connaissances à la gestion des invalidités: analyse des pratiques d’un établissement de santé du Québec. Mémoire de maîtrise. Université du Québec à Montréal.
- Wise, A. F. (2019). Learning analytics: Using data-informed decision-making to improve teaching and learning, Dans O. Adesope & A.G. Rudd (Eds.), Contemporary technologies in education: maximizing student engagement, motivation, and learning (p. 119-143). Palgrave Macmillan.
- Yin, R. K. (2017). Case study research and applications: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage publications.