Corps de l’article
Grèves perlées (Eng)
performative and interactive lecture, 10’
translation from french by Marion Cole, 2022
Script
I blinked (<span class="blinkvalue"></span>) times, apparently.
That’s much more than the average, which is 12 to 15 times a minute. If you apply that number to an hour, that’s about 1,200 blinks, and no fewer than 28,800 blinks of an eye per day.
So, we spend 10 percent of our waking time with our eyes closed.
If an eye dries out for having looked too much, it is recommended to lower the eyelid and open it again quickly. This can help spread the moisture of a tear over the surface of the eye.
This function, also known as nictation, builds up a protective moisture barrier against any type of pollution and dazzling.
However, it was for another reason that a team of Japanese scientists also became interested in this act.[1] Their study revealed that the cerebral areas involved in attention seemed to become inactive with each blink of an eye. Similarly, the regions that are usually activated when we sleep wake up. Blinking would emulate a form of sleep.
I blinked (<span class="blinkvalue"></span>) times.
If the systems for preventing drowsiness behind the wheel can find an indicator of my own tiredness in this figure, I wonder whether the algorithm of an autonomous car would let me drive.[2]
It’s true that I am tired right now. Or is it a despondency facing a certain tempo that appears to be constantly accelerating, a certain pressure for us to align with the permanent live flow that’s increasingly tense.[3]
Of course, this never killed that, we always have more than one clock in the house, as many clocks as identities. We learn over the years to align several time scales, or live according to several time zones at once. We fit our time spaces and zones within each other without too much trouble. But the fact is; everyone experiences this: we struggle more and more to belong, to construct a room of one’s own, a time apart.[5]
I am now counting (<span class="blinkvalue"></span>) blinks.
It’s still more than average. Perhaps this rapid up and down movement of the eyelid is the eyesight breathing, its rhythmic breath.
A breath that sometimes gets carried away and speeds up: when we’re moved for example.
Between our gazes, there are full stops, commas, semi-colons, exclamation marks or ellipses. So many shutters lowered and immediately opened again.
We blink to separate.[6]
I didn’t write that sentence. Walter Murch did. And I didn’t find it. Peter Szendy did.
Could we detect in this infra-gesture, programmed in advance, a certain signature? Going with the flow of our blinks that have never stopped giving their own rhythm in silence?
When he was a war prisoner, soldier Jeremiah Denton was forced to take part in a video interview serving Vietnamese propaganda.
I grew interested in soldier Denton’s blinking not because it served to preserve his eyes from the powerful light spots, as he told the soldiers watching him, but rather because it had something to say.
Soldier Denton blinked as many times as necessary and according to a specific rhythm allowing him to spell out the letters of the word t.o.r.t.u.r.e. off-screen, which he hoped would save him.
As such, in his blinking, there are small fragments of war inserted in daily life. As many grains of sand slipped into the cracks, the holes, the gaps to disturb, itch, bother. So many barriers to slow down what can be in the blink of an eye; barricades to stand up to the net and incomprehensible flows.
Could it be possible to make imaginary strikes emerge on this scale?
The series of our blinking creates non-programmable phrases that evade calculation. A way of fluctuating, not on a fixed rhythm that’s regular and predictable but according to an improvised form, sensitive to irregularities. Temporal elasticities that protect us from conforming.
As breaks, rests, retreats, respite have never been so difficult to access, it seems that something is going on in the antechamber of our waking activities—without having to name it—in the time during which my eyelids are stuck to one another, in the time they touch.
A time apart that we can fill like the rear base of our armed struggles, a “temporary autonomous zone,”[7] that also needs to be defended.
Inhabiting this blind spot without renouncing all forms of contact by abandoning vision. On the contrary, searching for it in the dark in a kind of fumbling way.
“Eyelids are destined to contact and touch, it’s inscribed in the Latin origin of their name: in palpebral, there’s palpation.”[8]
“So, when our eyes touch, is it daytime or night-time?”[9]
“Buried in the night, an entire being fleeing into the night, like you sometimes bury your head to think.”[10]
Presentation
“Grèves perlées” is a performative lecture which explores the conditions for the suspension of the gaze in the context of the attention economy by delving into a multi-layered history of the tracking systems of blinking eyes. When Jeremiah Denton was prisoner in Vietnam, he was forced to testify on Vietnamese television that American prisoners were not tortured. But while he was reading the official speech, he was blinking in morse code the letters of the word “torture.” This story allows me to draw the possibilities of an exit and a refusal of the mechanisms of online cognitive extraction, especially because Jeremiah Denton was pretending to be hurt by the lights of the TV set.
Blinking is often overlooked as an automatic function of our body, only discernible when it malfunctions, or until our eyes feel dry. But according to last research studies, blinking could also reset and restore our attention by activating the same brain areas as sleep. While our vision is regularly interrupted by our blinking, blinking remains unexplored as a phenomenological experience, in our digital and non-digital environment. It has already been connected to a singular and personal signature of our own fatigue and subjectivity—a signature which is meaningful enough to negotiate with our automated car if we are able or not to drive. Thus, blinking eyes are standing at the critical intersection of the media, somatic, and socio-political spheres.
During the performance, blinks are made audible in live thanks to a webcam and python scripts that hijack the Volvo Sensor algorithm while echoing fatigue and productivity detection systems such as the Ergograph of Angelo Mosso (1884). By modulating the cadenza of my eyelids, I engage in a dialogue with the teleprompter, directly negotiating frame rate and my reading rhythm, while also observing the effects of contagion and dispersion among the audience.
If tracking devices are usually used to monitor movement and presence, I was looking for the possibilities of a digital absence and immobility by exploring the agency of the performance as a sensitive milieu to explore dis-mediations[11] between the collective body and sensing technology. I’ve approached this performance as a collective moment of veillance (une veillée) that begins with an EMDR exercise. This famous therapy based on eye movements has been mainly developed after World War II and is used in this context not only to refer to this historical background or to address the challenges of self-care practices encountered online but in order to negotiate conditions of impairment with the technical device, as much as an attunement with the audience present.
Written two years ago, Greves perlées and its call for pausing and interruption might sound naïve, but it’s a drag. The project opened for me a path of research about the different state of “veille”—as an altered state where subjectivity and otherness can be reconfigured, and which has been recently defined by the philosopher and poet Tung-Hui Hu as the concept of “digital lethargy”.[12]
Grèves perlées (Fr)
Lecture performative avec dispositif interactif, 10’
Script
J’ai cillé. Apparemment, (<span class="blinkvalue"></span>) fois.
C’est beaucoup plus que la moyenne, environ 12 à 15 fois par minute. Si l’on étend ce chiffre sur une heure, cela nous fait environ 1200 clignements, soit pas moins de 28 800 clignements d’yeux par jour.
Nous passons donc 10 pour cent de notre temps éveillé les yeux fermés.
Si un oeil s’assèche d’avoir trop regardé, alors il est conseillé d’abaisser la paupière et de la rouvrir rapidement. Cela peut aider à répartir l’humidité d’une larme sur la surface de l’oeil.
Cette fonction, aussi appelée nictation, reconstitue une barrière humide de protection contre toute forme de polluant et d’éblouissement.
Pourtant, c’est pour une autre raison qu’une équipe de scientifiques japonais s’est également intéressée à ce geste[13]. Leur étude a révélé que les aires cérébrales impliquées dans l’attention semblent s’inactiver à chaque battement de paupières. Dans le même temps, les régions qui se manifestent habituellement lorsque l’on dort s’éveillent. Cligner des yeux reviendrait donc à émuler une forme de sommeil.
J’ai cligné (<span class="blinkvalue"></span>) fois.
Si les systèmes de prévention contre la somnolence au volant trouvent dans ce décompte un indicateur de ma propre fatigabilité, je me demande si l’algorithme d’une voiture autonome m’autoriserait à conduire[14].
Il est vrai que là, tout de suite, je suis fatiguée.
Ou serait-ce de l’abattement face à un certain tempo, qui nous paraît être en accélération constante; une certaine pression pour nous aligner sur le direct permanent de flux de plus en plus tendus[15].
Bien sûr, ceci n’a jamais tué cela, on a toujours plus d’une pendule à la maison, autant d’horloges que d’identités. On apprend avec les années à mettre en consonance plusieurs échelles de temps, disons à vivre au même moment selon plusieurs fuseaux horaires. Nous encastrons sans trop de peine les uns dans les autres nos espaces et paliers temporels. Mais le fait est; chacun en fait l’expérience, que nous avons de plus en plus de mal à nous appartenir, à nous tailler une chambre à soi, une durée à part[17].
Je compte à présent (<span class="blinkvalue"></span>) clignements.
C’est toujours plus que la moyenne, peut-être parce que ce rapide mouvement descendant et ascendant de la paupière est la respiration de la vue, son souffle rythmé.
Un souffle qui parfois s’agite et s’accélère : quand on est ému par exemple.
Il y a, entre nos coups d’oeil, des points, des virgules, des points-virgules, des points d’exclamation ou de suspension autant de stores baissés et aussitôt relevés.
Nous clignons des yeux pour séparer[18].
Cette phrase, ce n’est pas moi qui l’ai écrite, c’est Walter Murch, et ce n’est pas non plus moi qui l’ai relevée mais Peter Szendy.
Pourrait-on trouver dans cet infra-geste, programmé à l’avance, une certaine signature ? Se mettre au rythme de nos battements de paupières qui n’ont jamais cessé de scander dans leur silence un rythme propre ?
Alors qu’il est prisonnier de guerre, le soldat Jeremiah Denton est contraint de participer à une interview vidéo, servant la propagande vietnamienne.
Et si les clignements du soldat Denton m’intéressent; ce n’est pas parce qu’ils lui servent à se préserver de la puissance des spots lumineux, comme il le dit lui-même aux soldats qui le surveillent, mais plutôt parce qu’ils ont quelque chose à transmettre.
Le soldat Denton cligne des yeux; autant de fois que nécessaire et selon le rythme précis permettant de tracer dans un hors-champ qu’il espère salvateur, les lettres du mot t.o.r.t.u.r.e.
Il y a donc dans les clignements des petits fragments de guerre enchâssés dans la vie courante. Autant de grains de sable à glisser dans les interstices, les trous, les failles, pour déranger, gratter, gêner. Autant de possibles barrages pour ralentir ce qui peut l’être dans un battement de paupières; des barricades à opposer aux flux nets et incompréhensibles.
Serait-il donc possible de faire émerger à cette échelle des imaginaires de grève ?
La succession de nos clignements forme des phrasés non programmables qui échappent au calculable. Une manière de fluer, non pas sur un rythme fixe, régulier et prédictible, mais selon une forme improvisée, sensible aux irrégularités. « Des élasticités temporelles qui nous protègent des mises au pas[19]. »
Alors que les pauses, le repos, les replis, le répit n’ont jamais été aussi difficiles d’accès, il semble que quelque chose se trame dans cette antichambre de nos activités éveillées, sans que l’on ait à le nommer; la durée pendant laquelle mes paupières restent collées l’une à l’autre; le temps qu’elles se touchent.
Une durée à part que nous pouvons occuper comme la base arrière de nos luttes armées, une « zone d’autonomie temporaire[20] », qui serait aussi à défendre.
Habiter cet angle mort sans que cet abandon de la vision soit un renoncement à toute forme de contact. Au contraire, le chercher dans l’obscurité par une espèce de tâtonnement.
« Que les paupières soient vouées au contact et à l’attouchement, c’est ce qui est inscrit dans l’origine latine de leur nom : dans palpébral, on entend la palpation[21]. »
« Alors quand nos yeux se touchent, fait-il jour ou fait-il nuit[22] ? »
« Enfoui dans la nuit. Être enfoui tout entier dans la nuit, comme il arrive quelquefois qu’on enfouisse la tête pour réfléchir[23]. »
Parties annexes
Biographical note
After graduating from the Haute École des Arts du Rhin in Strasbourg, Eloïse Vo continued her post-graduate research at DIU EUR ArTeC (Paris 8/Nanterre). She is now a PhD candidate at EPFL/ALICE in Lausanne and Hes-So HEAD in Geneva where she is assistant of the Master in Space & Communication. Her doctoral practice-based research investigates the role of space as media in John C. Lilly’ experiments, and the multiple processes of extraction of human cognition, communicative labour and energy at the scale of these interfaces, by focusing on the concepts of wetware and lethargy. Eloise develops a creative practice in the expanded field of graphic design, media art and performance to explore the human synthetization in digital layers and its co-evolution with artificial and non-living life. Her works have recently been exhibited at Le Signe in Chaumont and at the Parallel Festival in Marseille.
Notes
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[1]
Tamami Nakano, Makoto Kato, Yusuke Morito et al., “Blink-Related Momentary Activation of the Default Mode Network While Viewing Videos,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 110, no. 2, December 2012, p. 702–706.
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[2]
Zeeshan Ali Haq andet Hasan Ziaul Hasan, “Eye-blink Rate Detection for Fatigue Determination,” 1st India International Conference on Information Processing (IICIP), IEEE, 2016, p. 1–5.
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[3]
Yves Citton, “Improvisation, rythmes et mondialisation. Quatorze thèses sur la fluidification sociale et les résistances idiorrythmiques,” Rhuthmos, 2 July 2010, https://www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article22 (accessed 24 July 2023).
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[4]
Régis Debray, “Servir plusieurs maîtres,” Medium, “Rythmes,” vol. 41, n° 4, 2014, p. 4–19.
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[5]
Ibid.
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[6]
Peter Szendy, “Le corps clignotant, ou la troisième paupière,” Trafic, n° 100, 2016, p. 185–189. (our translation)
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[7]
Hakim Bey, TAZ: Temporary Autonomous Zone, New York, Autonomedia, 1991.
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[8]
Szendy, 2016, p. 4.
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[9]
Jacques Derrida, Le Toucher. Jean-Luc Nancy, Paris, Galilée, 2000, p. 11–13 quoted in Szendy, 2016, p. 1.
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[10]
Franz Kafka, Nocturne [1920], Claude David et Marthe Robert (trad.), Récits posthumes et fragments – Oeuvres Complètes, T. II, p. 569–570.
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[11]
Mara Mills and Jonathan Sterne, “Dismediation. Three proposals, six tactics,” Elizabeth Ellcessor et Bill Kirkpatrick (eds.), Disability media studies, New York University Press, 2017.
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[12]
Tung Hui Hu, Digital Lethargy. Dispatches from an age of disconnection, Cambridge, MIT Press, 2022.
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[13]
Tamami Nakano, Makoto Kato, Yusuke Morito et al., “Blink-Related Momentary Activation of the Default Mode Network While Viewing Videos,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 110, no. 2, December 2012, p. 702–706, www.pnas.org/content/110/2/702 (accessed 24 June 2023).
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[14]
Zeeshan Ali Haq and Ziaul Hasan, “Eye-blink Rate Detection for Fatigue Fetermination,” 1st India International Conference on Information Processing (IICIP), IEEE, 2016, p. 1–5, www.researchgate.net/publication/318411142_Eye-blink_rate_detection_for_fatigue_determination (accessed 24 July 2023).
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[15]
Yves Citton, « Improvisation, rythmes et mondialisation. Quatorze thèses sur la fluidification sociale et les résistances idiorythmiques », Rhuthmos, 2 juillet 2010, www.rhuthmos.eu/spip.php?article22 (consulté le 16 juillet 2023).
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[16]
Régis Debray, « Servir plusieurs maîtres », Médium, « Rythmes », vol. 41, n° 4, 2014, p. 4–19.
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[17]
Ibid.
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[18]
Peter Szendy, « Le corps clignotant, ou la troisième paupière », Trafic, n° 100, 2016, p. 185–189.
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[19]
Louise Merzau, « Le flâneur impatient », Médium, « Rythmes », n° 41, 2014, p. 20–29.
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[20]
Hakim Bey, TAZ: Temporary Autonomous Zone, New York, Autonomedia, 1991.
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[21]
Szendy, 2016, p. 4.
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[22]
Jacques Derrida, Le Toucher. Jean-Luc Nancy, Paris, Galilée, 2000, p. 11–13 cité dans Szendy, 2016, p. 1.
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[23]
Franz Kafka, Nocturne [1920], Claude David et Marthe Robert (trad.), Récits posthumes et fragments – Oeuvres complètes, T. II, p. 569–570.