Documents found
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61.More information
If the rural renaissance, made prominent by the French geographer Bernard Kayser, is today largely generalized in the countryside of Mediterranean countries, it is still inscribed differently in space and time. While various national studies analyze this recomposition of rural space essentially through residential logics, they conceal a reality that is now much more complex. This article proposes to renew, even to reinterpret, the reading of the rural recomposition, in its most varied forms, through a comparative typological analysis of three countries located in Mediterranean Europe: France, Spain and Italy. More generally, it proposes to measure the role of endogenous factors in explaining the contemporary rural demographic recomposition by presenting multivariate statistical mapping work, on the scale of rural departments or provinces. This should highlight the complexity and the spatial differentiation of socio-economic integration in rural areas.
Keywords: Rural, trajectoires, typologie, recomposition, développement, Rural, trajectories, typology, recomposition, development, Rural, trayectorias, tipología, recomposición, desarrollo
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62.More information
Every natural event impacting urban territories reveals the limits of present risk management strategies and shows the prominent role played by technical networks in crisis and post-crisis management. By means of a transversal approach, urban engineering can be used for analysing technical constraints that lead to the way networks are designed and managed, on the one hand, and to including these networks into territories and habits, on the other. In this way, a network goes beyond being just an object devoted to helping urban activities operate and it becomes a part of a set of inter-related elements, whose operation is similar to that of a technical system. For understanding and analysing urban risks of a natural or technological nature applied to technical systems, using the resilience concept enables us to go beyond technical networks' reliability objectives, which are often sector-based. Resilience is a recent concept in territorial sciences. The concept is generally applied to systems and deals with risks by the adapting issues at stake, absorbing hazards and the making the territory recover after the crisis. To be able to tackle resilience, urban engineering must redefine the way in which it handles the relations between risks and technical systems and endow itself with a reference tool.This article presents a conceptual model of resilience for technical systems based on identifying three complementary types of resilience. Functional resilience represents a technical system's capacity to protect itself from important damage and at least provide the service needed for critical infrastructures to operate at the same time. Through functional resilience, technical systems intrinsically endeavour to increase their own resilience. Correlative resilience characterises the relation between service requirements and the technical system's capacity to fulfil these requirements. Reducing the demand made on a system may enable it to be kept in operation and be protected so that it can recover more rapidly. This means adapting demand to technical systems' capacity. Over and above the crisis and its management, the return to a “viable” situation is also an element for assessing resilience. Interdependence relations between technical systems and other territories may also form a resilience factor in technical systems. Territorial resilience expresses the capacity to mobilize a territory outside the area impacted.
Keywords: résilience, modèle conceptuel, génie urbain, réseaux, inondation, urbain, Ville, systèmes techniques, resilience, conceptual model, urban ingineering, networks, inondation, urban, city, technical systems
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63.More information
In Anjouan, Comoros islands, the first beach profiles surveys carried out during the period between 2008 and 2009 show two types of shapes : convex and concave. These beach profiles shapes are due to hydrodynamics forces and sand mining. Sand mining is more important in concave beach shapes profiles than in convex ones.Erosion caused by sand mining is confused with climate change impacts. This situation leads officials, with the support of the international community, to build seawalls to protect populations and infrastructures. However, this choice can widespread coastal erosion and contrasts with sand beach miner perception. For them, dealing with widespread coastal erosion must take into account undergoing social issues.
Keywords: Comores, Anjouan, morphologie littorale, changement climatique, extraction de sable, Comoros, Anjouan, beach morphology, climate change, sand mining
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64.More information
The article analyzes the argumentative trajectory of mining revival in the French newspapers between 2009 and 2019. After describing how experts and administrative departments built the statement of mining revival in a confined space, we show how this statement is criticized in the French newspapers and how mining revival became an environmental threat and a denial of democratic participation. Based on semi-structured interviews and the analysis of 699 newspaper articles, the article underlines three weaknesses of the mining revival proposal participating to its failure in the media forum : the inadequacy of the speculative model of junior companies of exploration, the inconsistency and inconstancy of the political leadership, and an unfitted regime of justification based on technical expertise. We highlight how the reach of public policy statements is determined by their ability to be addressed in both confined and public debate spaces and to adapt to their own structure of rules and feasibility regimes.
Keywords: renouveau minier, média, mobilisation sociale, trajectoire argumentative, politique publique, France, mining revival, media, social mobilization, argumentative trajectory, public policy, France
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65.More information
Lifestyle migrations are characterized by the ability of the migrants to choose to rebuild their home elsewhere, whether as a result of a professional dissatisfaction or a desire to build a new life elsewhere. In working families, these lifestyle choices are not necessarily supported by an anticipation of the financial costs associated with the change of location and knowledge of the local job market. In order to continue to earn sufficient income to carry out this project and, for some, not give up a career, one spouse embraces a mobile lifestyle. This article aims at understanding the effects of the entanglement of these lifestyles through an analysis of how the mobile workers live in the different spaces of travel in order to question what is affected by the mobile lifestyle. Focusing on the particular group of lifestyle migrants encountered during the research, the aim is to question how mobility and migration can intertwine or exclude each other and the effects of this lifestyle.
Keywords: Ortar, mobilité professionnelle, famille, routine, migration de style de vie, temps, habiter, Ortar, professional mobility, family, routine, lifestyle migration, time, dwelling, Ortar, movilidad profesional, familia, rutina, migración de estilo de vida, tiempo, residir
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66.More information
This article is based on the ongoing writing of a novel. Set on the coastline of Brittany, France, the book explores the ocean as a living environment. While I focus primarily on humans, oceanographers and divers, I intend to give other-than-human beings an essential role. Delving into the examples of northern gannets, grey seals and planktonic species, I seek to understand what determines nonhumans' representation as characters in the narrative, actants of ecosystems or presences in the chosen environment. As we question whether to respect or transcend the limits of our knowledge of animals, we will see that zoopoetics teaches us as much about the structuring of our own mind and about what we expect from a story as about animal lives themselves.
Keywords: humanités environnementales, biodiversité, océan, récit, roman, environmental humanities, biodiversity, ocean, narrative, novel, humanidades medioambientales, biodiversidad, océano, relato, cuento
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67.More information
Since the 1990s, new forms of gardens appeared in French cities. Indicating a revival in landscape art, henceforth, they set themselves up as model of arrangement. The appearance of parks and public gardens, registered in these innovative projets of territory, offer a face revisited. Here and there, spontaneous vegetation displays unruly airs instead of spaces previously properly maintained. On behalf of ecological engineering that soak at the moment the management of natural artefact in the city, a revision of the practices gardeners is imperative. In Brittany, at the dawn of the XXIth century, the story of the water and the regional will to reconquer its quality was at the origin of the impulse given to the local authorities to reorientate their practices. This involves the revision of the interpretative filters of nature in the city. The gardeners of local authorities, whose job is to maintain the green urban areas deliver their perception of current developments. Their life stories illustrate the difficulty to give up a decorative appearance on the name of the new ecological values.
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68.More information
Social risk, i.e. the opposition of local populations, has now become one of the major issues for mineral exploration or exploitation projects. In France, protest movements against them have been holding back the mining revival desired by the government and the industry for over a decade. This article examines the trajectory of one of these projects which has been able to develop without facing any social mobilization or local resistance. Located in the French's department of Nievre, it concerns gaseous deposits of helium and carbon dioxide and is being carried out by a French junior company recently created. The analysis is conducted through the prism of a grid that seeks to evaluate this risk for several mining projects within Canada. Our work offers the opportunity to revisit this grid by comparing the Canadian and French contexts, the latter being characterized by a decline since the 1990s. It also highlights the main reasons of the project's success to date: its low direct impact on the environment and an effective communication strategy led by the company based on a storytelling marketing approach. At this stage, co-constructive dynamics are non-existent, mainly due to stakeholders' wish to not play a role other than that of secondary partner.
Keywords: risque social, acceptabilité sociale, ressources minérales, hélium, gaz carbonique, junior, éco-responsabilité, intégration territoriale, social risk, social acceptability, mineral resources, helium, carbon dioxide, junior, eco-responsibility, territorial integration, storytelling
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69.More information
The French Conservatoire du littoral was created in 1975 to bring a balance between the building and the protection of the shores. The mission of this national public administrative agency is to buy coastal plots to protect and manage landscapes and natural habitats. Among the purchased plots, around 15% are agricultural land. But can the landscape and conservation missions of the Conservatoire du littoral cope with productive farming activities ? To manage certain habitats, the Conservatoire du littoral considers certain agricultural activities as necessary. It is the case of grasslands that require management by mowing and/or grazing. Other farming activities are sometimes tolerated or encouraged on Conservatoire du littoral lands. Contract specifications with ecological conditions are negociated with farmers to frame the practices. The article goes through the history of the preference for grasslands at the Conservatoire du littoral, while also presenting the other types of agricultural activities encountered on the agency's land. The aim is to present the series of questions and knowledge that led to the formulation and current development of the principles of action in agriculture at the Conservatoire du littoral.
Keywords: littoral, agriculture, nature, paysage, prairie, expertise naturaliste, cadrage, coastline, agriculture, nature, landscape, meadow, naturalist assessment, framing
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70.More information
A problem confronting semi-closed circuit aquaculture is the need for continuous elimination of suspended matter (SM) and nitrogenous substances. Conventional processes used to retain SM (settling tanks, hydrocyclones, rotating-drum mechanical filters, gravity filtration) are not entirely satisfactory. However, membrane filtration has recently been shown to allow removal of suspended particles and bacteria. The present study evaluates the performance of different ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes for water processing in a semi-closed aquaculture system. A brief economic analysis of treatment costs is proposed based on the results.The marine aquafarm studied produces about 5 tons of turbot per year with a plant volume of about 100 m3. The water processing line is fitted with a rotating-drum mechanical filter that stops the largest particles and ejects 1 m3 h-1 of loaded water into the surrounding environment. Another 2 m3 h-1 are cleared out by overflowing the pumping pit. These volumes are renewed at a rate of 3% per hour by pumping saltwater from an underground source. Crossflow filtration was performed on rejections from both the mechanical filter and pumping pit overflow. SM contents and granulometric distributions determined by laser diffractometry were found to vary with sample source and withdrawal time, and size of fish in the pens. A comparison of granulometric distributions in volume percent and numerical percent underscores the presence of a great number (> 98 %) of submicron particles.To limit the risk of mechanical-pore fouling due to blockage by particles, organic membranes in the form of internal-skin capillaries (pore diameters of about 10 to 20 nm) were initially employed. These membranes, used in drinking water production, are relatively inexpensive. The experimental device was fitted with an interchangeable volumetric pump (with gears or monoscrew). Adjustable parameters were transmembrane pressure and circulation velocity within the module. Analysis of the influence of these hydrodynamic parameters revealed that pressures higher than 1 bar were unnecessary, as beyond this point permeate flux no longer increased. Optimal flux did not exceed 100 L h-1 m-2 with the gear pump. Replacing the latter with a monoscrew pump improved permeate flux up to 70 %.Tests were also performed with flat microfiltration organic membranes of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with pore diameters ranging from 0.1 to 8 µm. The flux obtained with these membranes was roughly 250 L h-1 m-2 and presented little variation with varying pore diameter. Comparative tests carried out on tubular membranes showed lower fluxes than those obtained with organic membranes which, considering their much higher cost, makes them less attractive in this context. The use of membranes in aquafarming is without precedent. An economic analysis of the practice was carried out based on financial assessments of processing of surface waters into drinking water, for which outputs to be treated and SM contents were of the same order of magnitude. With operating costs from 0.35 to 0.95 FF per cubic meter of filtered water, expected investment for a fishfarm producing 100 tons of fish a year is currently 3 to 4 times too great to consider economically profitable the use of membranes for water treatment in closed-circuit aquafarming.
Keywords: Aquaculture, circuits semi-fermés, procédés à membrane, matières en suspension, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, Aquafarming, aquaculture, semi-closed circuit, membrane processes, suspended solid, ultrafiltration, microfiltration