Abstracts
Résumé
L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser les perceptions des communautés locales vis-à-vis du site Ramsar du complexe lagunaire de Keta Lagoon et d'évaluer les principales menaces environnementales pesant sur ces écosystèmes. La méthode de recherche a combiné des entretiens semi-structurés avec des groupes de discussion pour recueillir des données qualitatives approfondies, représentatives des perceptions et des dynamiques locales, couvrant l'ensemble des six districts du complexe lagunaire de Keta Lagoon. Les résultats montrent que les principales menaces identifiées par les communautés locales autour du complexe lagunaire de Keta Lagoon sont la surexploitation des ressources naturelles (mentionnée par 70 % des répondants), le blocage des canaux, la salinisation et les perturbations climatiques. Ces menaces aggravent la dépendance des communautés à leur environnement et ont entrainé une dégradation importante de leurs conditions de vie au cours des 10 à 20 dernières années. Environ 46 % des personnes interviewées ont une connaissance insuffisante ou inexistante du site Ramsar, tandis que 42 % en ont une bonne connaissance. Ce dernier point remet en question l'idée courante selon laquelle les acteurs locaux ont une connaissance approfondie de leur aire protégée et un engagement naturel envers la protection de l'environnement. Malgré cette lacune, il existe une volonté manifeste d'adhésion aux lois de protection environnementale parmi les communautés locales. Ce diagnostic a conduit à la mise à jour du plan d'aménagement 2023-2032 du complexe lagunaire de Keta Lagoon, le premier depuis 1999, visant à restaurer les écosystèmes, atténuer les menaces identifiées, et améliorer les conditions de vie des communautés locales en renforçant leur implication dans la gestion durable du site.
Mots-clés :
- menaces,
- surexploitation,
- connaissance,
- Ramsar,
- adhésion
Abstract
The aim of this article is to analyze the perceptions of local communities towards the Ramsar site of the Keta Lagoon complex, and on the evaluation of the main environmental issues weighing on this ecosystem. The research method combined semi-structured interviews with focus groups to gather in-depth qualitative data representative of local perceptions and dynamics, covering all six districts of the Keta Lagoon complex. The results show that the main threats identified by local communities around the Keta Lagoon complex are overexploitation of natural resources (mentioned by 70% of respondents), blocked canals, salinization and climatic disturbances. These threats aggravate the communities' dependence on their environment and have led to a significant deterioration in their living conditions over the last 10 - 20 years. Some 46% of those interviewed have little or no knowledge of the Ramsar site, while 42% have a good knowledge of the site. This latter point calls into question the common belief that local stakeholders have in-depth knowledge of their protected area and a natural commitment to environmental protection. Despite this gap, there is a clear willingness among local communities to adhere to environmental protection laws. This diagnosis led to the updating of the 2023 - 2032 management plan for the Keta Lagoon complex, the first since 1999, aimed at restoring ecosystems, mitigating identified threats, and improving the living conditions of local communities by strengthening their involvement in the sustainable management of the site.
Keywords:
- threats,
- overexploitation,
- local knowledge,
- Ramsar site,
- membership
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Agyare, A. K., G. Murray, P. Dearden, et R. Rollins, 2015, Understanding inter-community performance assessments in community-based resource management at Avu Lagoon, Ghana, Environment, Development and Sustainability , 17, 6, pp. 1493‑1508.
- Amalatchy, J. Y. N., El hadj B. Dème, A. Bernard, A. N’guessan, K. S. Aka, D. Koudou, Y. Dosso, J. D. Kouadio, M. Soumah, et P. Failler, 2023, Dynamiques transfrontalières dans la pêche à petite échelle : Le rôle des pêcheurs migrants ghanéens dans la pêcherie de petits pélagiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Belgeo, 2, [En ligne] URL : https://journals.openedition.org/belgeo/63248
- Assis, J., P. Failler, E. Fragkopoulou, D. Abecasis, G. Touron-Gardic, A. Regalla, E. Sidina, H. Dinis, et E. A. Serrao, 2021, Potential biodiversity connectivity in the network of marine protected areas in Western Africa, Frontiers in marine science , 8, [En ligne] URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.765053/full
- Ayivor, J. S., C. Gordon, G. A. Tobin, et Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu, 2020, Evaluation of management effectiveness of protected areas in the Volta Basin, Ghana: Perspectives on the methodology for evaluation, protected area financing and community participation, Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning , 22, 2, pp. 239‑255.
- Ba, A., C. Chaboud, J. Schmidt, M. Diouf, M. Fall, M. Dème, et P. Brehmer, 2019, The potential impact of marine protected areas on the Senegalese sardinella fishery, Ocean & Coastal Management , 169, pp. 239‑246.
- Belhabib, D., U.R. Sumaila, et D. Pauly, 2015, Feeding the poor: Contribution of West African fisheries to employment and food security, Ocean & Coastal Management , 111, pp. 72‑81.
- Beuret, J.-E., A. Cadoret, 2021, Effort de conservation et Aires marines protégées : quatre illusions et un changement de perspective, VertigO – la revue électronique en sciences de l’environnement, 21, 1, [En ligne] URL : https://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/30538
- Beuret, J.-E., L. Martel, A. Cadoret, F. Chlous, J. Delannoy, M. Lesueur, C. Noirot, H. Rey-Valette, L. Ritschard, et P. Sauboua, 2021, Questionner l’efficacité de la gouvernance d’une AMP : Le cas de Natura 2000 en mer, VertigO – la revue électronique en sciences de l’environnement, 21, 1, [En ligne] URL : https://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/30564
- Blackman, A., A. Pfaff, et J. Robalino, 2015, Paper Park performance: Mexico’s natural protected areas in the 1990s, Global Environmental Change , 31, pp. 50‑61.
- Boateng, I., 2009, Development of integrated shoreline management planning: A case study of Keta, Ghana , Proceedings of the Federation of International Surveyors Working Week 2009-Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Development, TS 4E, Eilat, Israel, 3-8 May.
- Bonham, C. A., E. Sacayon, et E. Tzi, 2008, Protecting imperiled “paper parks”: Potential lessons from the Sierra Chinajá, Guatemala, Biodiversity and Conservation , 17, 7, pp. 1581‑1593.
- Brinks, R., 2017, Sustainable Tourism Development in the Keta Lagoon Complex Ramsar Site, Ghana, Master Thesis in International Development Studies, Utrecht University, The Netherlands, 134 p.
- Cazalet, B., 2004, Les aires marines protégées à l’épreuve du sous-développement en Afrique de l’Ouest, VertigO – la revue électronique en sciences de l’environnement, 5, 3, [En ligne] URL : https://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/3274
- Cinner, J. E., T. R. McClanahan, M. A. MacNeil, N. A. J. Graham, T. M. Daw, A. Mukminin, D. A. Feary, A. L. Rabearisoa, A. Wamukota, N. Jiddawi, S. J. Campbell, A. H. Baird, F. A. Januchowski-Hartley, S. Hamed, R. Lahari, T. Morove, et J. Kuange, 2012, Comanagement of coral reef social-ecological systems, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 109, 14, pp. 5219‑5222.
- Damte, E., B. O. Manteaw, et C. Wrigley-Asante, 2023, Urbanization, climate change and health vulnerabilities in slum communities in Ghana, The Journal of Climate Change and Health, 10, [En ligne] URL : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667278222000785?via%3Dihub
- D’Aquino, P., A. Bah, 2013, A bottom-up participatory modelling process for a multi-level agreement on environmental uncertainty management in West Africa, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management , 56, 2, pp. 271‑285.
- Dème, El hadj B., P. Brehmer, et P. Failler, 2022, La pêche artisanale sénégalaise à l’épreuve de la cogestion : Le local désormais utilisé comme échelle de planification des politiques de pêche, Revue Gouvernance, 19, 2, pp. 25-50.
- Dème, El hadj B., P. Failler, et G. Touron-Gardic, 2021, La gouvernance des aires marines protégées au Sénégal : difficulté de la gestion participative et immobilisme des comités de gestion, VertigO – la revue électronique en sciences de l’environnement, 21, 1, [En ligne] URL : https://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/30880
- Dème, El hadj B., El H. Sow., L. Licette, N. Dia, et P. Failler, 2023, Femmes et transformation artisanale des poissons pélagiques au Sénégal : un secteur à bout de souffle, L’Espace Politique, 46, 1, [En ligne] URL : https://journals.openedition.org/espacepolitique/11049
- Dème, El hadj B., P. Failler, 2024, Analysis of Fish Consumption in the ECOWAS Region and Mauritania: Current Constraints and Future Challenges, Sustainability , 16, 13, [En ligne] URL : https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/13/5429
- Dogbey, S. Y., 2015, Analyzing post coastal erosion livelihoods after the construction of the Keta Sea defence project and the resettlement of costal dwellers in Keta, Ghana , Master Thesis in Development Studies, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 112 p.
- Donatus, D., M. Idrees, N. Saleem, G. Mwinboubu, et A. Sattar, 2022, The Management of Wetlands in Ghana as a Compliance to the Ramsar Convention, Journal of Marine Biology and Aquatic Research , 2, 1, [En ligne] URL : https://www.annexpublishers.com/articles/JMBAR/2103-The-Management-of-Wetlands.pdf
- Dudley, N., 2024, What Does the Global Biodiversity Framework Mean for Protected and Conserved Areas?, dans N. Finneran, D. Hewlett, et R. Clarke (dir.), Managing Protected Areas , Springer International Publishing, pp. 11‑30.
- Duku, E., P. A. D. Mattah, et D. B. Angnuureng, 2021, Assessment of Land Use/Land Cover Change and Morphometric Parameters in the Keta Lagoon Complex Ramsar Site, Ghana, Water , 13, 18, [En ligne] URL : https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/18/2537
- Fa, J. E., J. E. Watson, I. Leiper, P. Potapov, T. D. Evans, N. D. Burgess, Z. Molnár, Á Fernández‐Llamazares, T. Duncan, S. Wang, B. J. Austin, H. Jonas, C. J. Robinson, P. Malmer, K. K. Zander, M. V. Jackson, E. Ellis, E. S. Brondizio, et S. T. Garnett, 2020, Importance of Indigenous Peoples’ lands for the conservation of Intact Forest Landscapes, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , 18, 3, pp. 135‑140.
- Failler, P., G. Touron-Gardic, B. Drakeford, O. Sadio, et M-S. Traore, 2020a, Perception of threats and related management measures: The case of 32 marine protected areas in West Africa, Marine Policy, 117, [En ligne] URL : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308597X19304452
- Failler, P., G. Touron-Gardic, O. Sadio, et M-S. Traore, 2019, Menaces sur les aires marines protégées en Afrique de l’Ouest : de la pêche non contrôlée aux changements climatiques, Mondes en développement, 3, pp. 133‑152.
- Failler, P., G. Touron-Gardic, O. Sadio, et M-S. Traore, 2020b, Perception of natural habitat changes of West African marine protected areas, Ocean & Coastal Management, 187, [En ligne] URL : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0964569120300302?via%3Dihub
- Gnansounou, S. C., A. A. Sagoe, P. A. D. Mattah, K. V. Salako, D. W. Aheto, et R. Glèlè Kakaï, 2022, The co-management approach has positive impacts on mangrove conservation: Evidence from the mono transboundary biosphere reserve (Togo-Benin), West Africa, Wetlands Ecology and Management , 30, 6, pp. 1245‑1259.
- Gordon, A., C. Finegold, C. Crissman, et A. Pulis, 2013, Fish production, consumption and trade in sub-Saharan Africa: A review analysis , WorldFish, World Bank, 48 p.
- Gordon, C., E. Tweneboah, A. Mensah, et J. Ayivor, 2009, The application of the ecosystem approach to mangrove management: Lessons for Ghana, Nature & Faune , 24, 1, pp. 30‑41.
- Halpern, B. S., S. Walbridge, K. A. Selkoe, C. V. Kappel, F. Micheli, C. D’Agrosa, J. F. Bruno, K. S. Casey, C. Ebert, H. E. Fox, R. Fujita, D. Heinemann, H. S. Lenihan, E. M. P. Madin, M. T. Perry, E. R. Selig, M. Spalding, R. Steneck, et R. Watson, 2008, A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems, Science , 319, pp. 948‑952.
- Jones, E. V., T. Gray, D. Macintosh, et S. Stead, 2016, A comparative analysis of three marine governance systems for implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Marine Policy , 66, pp. 30‑38.
- Karakara, A. A., J. A. Peprah, et I. Dasmani, 2024, Marine biodiversity conservation: The cultural aspect of marine protected areas in Ghana, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems , 34, 4, [En ligne] URL : https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-2365192/v1
- Kondra, M., 2019, The status of the wetlands in the Greater Accra Region, WaterPower Working Paper, No. 9, Governance and Sustainability Lab, Trier University, Germany, 18 p.
- Kriegl, M., X. E. Elías Ilosvay, C. Von Dorrien, et D. Oesterwind, 2021, Marine Protected Areas: At the Crossroads of Nature Conservation and Fisheries Management, Frontiers in Marine Science , 8, [En ligne] URL : https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.676264/full
- Leadley, P., A. Gonzalez, D. Obura, C. B. Krug, M. C. Londoño-Murcia, K. L. Millette, A. Radulovici, A. Rankovic, L. J. Shannon, E. Archer, F. A. Armah, N. Bax, K. Chaudhari, M. J. Costello, L. M. Dávalos, F. D. O. Roque, F. DeClerck, L. E. Dee, F. Essl, S. Ferrier, P. Genovesi, M. R. Guariguata, S. Hasimoto, C. I. Speranza, F. Isbell, M. Kok, S. D. Lavery, D. Leclère, R. Loyola, S. Lwasa, M. McGeoh, A. S. Mori, E. Nicholson, J. M. Ochoa, K. Öllerer, S. Polasky, C. Rondinini, S. Schroer, O. Selomane, X. Shen, B. Strassburg, U. R. Sumaila, D. P. Tittensor, E. Turak, L. Urbina, M. Vallejos, E. Vázquez-Domínguez, P. H. Verburg, P. Visconti, S. Woodley, et J. Xu, 2022, Achieving global biodiversity goals by 2050 requires urgent and integrated actions, One Earth , 5, 6, pp. 597‑603.
- Li, Q., Y. Ge, et J. A. Sayer, 2023, Challenges to Implementing the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Land , 12, 12, [En ligne] URL : https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/12/2166
- Mahu, E., P. Danso, M. O. Edusei, et K. A. A. de Graft-Johnson, 2023, Impact of agricultural practices on ecosystem health of lagoons: A case study of the Keta Lagoon Complex in Ghana, West Africa, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , 195, 5, [En ligne] URL : https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-023-11253-2
- Mattah, P. A. D., M. F. A. Akwetey, S. Abrokwah, P. Prah, D. K. Tuffour, D. W. Aheto, et S. Subramanian, 2024, Perspectives on Drivers of Biodiversity and Environmental Changes in the Keta Lagoon Ramsar Site of Ghana, Sustainability , 16, 2, [En ligne] URL : https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/2/666
- Naidoo, G., 2023, The mangroves of Africa: A review, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 190, [En ligne] URL : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X23002904
- Nortsu, O., 2018, Flooding related challenges of lagoon settlements: A case study of Keta, Ghana , Master Thesis in Geography and Regional Planning, University of Cape Coast, Ghana, 86 p.
- Oberosler, V., S. Tenan, E. F. Zipkin, et F. Rovero, 2020, Poor management in protected areas is associated with lowered tropical mammal diversity, Animal Conservation , 23, 2, pp. 171‑181.
- Olesu-Adjei, I., 2002, Community participation in coastal resources management in Ghana, dans M. Gawler, Strategies For Wise Use of Wetlands: Best Practices in Participatory Management , Proceedings of a Workshop held at the 2nd International Conference on Wetlands and Development, pp. 107-110.
- Peters, M. K., 2019, Assessing land use and land cover change in the keta municipality of Ghana using remote sensing , Master Thesis in Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana, Ghana, 104 p.
- Puplampu, D. A., K. Iddris, V. Alorbu, J. Otumfuor Asante, J. Laar Takaman, et A. Barimah Owusu, 2023, Shoreline Change Analysis of the Eastern Coast of Ghana between 1991 and 2020, Journal of Environmental Geography , 16, 1‑4, pp. 11‑21.
- Sallemi, R., 2021, Marqueurs territoriaux ou marqueurs patrimoniaux : L’appropriation de l’espace marin coutumier au sahel tunisien face aux disruptions des récentes logiques environnementales de l’État, VertigO – la revue électronique en sciences de l’environnement, 21, 1, [En ligne] URL : https://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/31125
- Sambou, C., A. A. Mbaye, et N. Ndour, 2015, Détermination d’intérêts fédérateurs autour des enjeux de l’aire marine protégée de Bamboung (Sénégal), VertigO – la revue électronique en sciences de l’environnement, 14, 3, [En ligne] URL : https://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/15544
- Sekey, W., K. A. Obirikorang, K. B. Boadu, B. A. Gyampoh, A. Nantwi-Mensah, E. Y. Israel, O. Asare-Ansah, G. Ashiagbor, et D. Adjei-Boateng, 2023, Mangrove plantation and fuelwood supply chain dynamics in the Keta Lagoon Complex Ramsar Site, Ghana, Wetlands Ecology and Management , 31, 1, pp. 143‑157.
- Singh, M., L. M. Massimino, et C. M. Collins, 2022, Evaluation of Protected Areas in Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana, West Africa, Using a Remote Sensing-Based Approach, Land, 11, 5, [En ligne] URL : https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/5/720
- Trégarot, E., B. Meissa, D. Gascuel, O. Sarr, Y. El Valy, O. H. Wagne, E. A. Kane, A. Bal, A. D. Fall, et P. Failler, 2020, The role of Marine Protected Areas in sustaining fisheries: the case of National Park of Banc d’Arguin, Mauritania, Aquaculture and Fisheries , 5, 5, pp. 253-264.
- Weigel, J. Y., P. Morand, A. Charpin, et O. Sadio, 2018, Impact assessment of a marine and coastal protected area on fishing households through a counterfactual approach. A Senegalese case study (West Africa), Ocean & Coastal Management , 155, pp. 113‑125.
- White, M. J., S. Muhidin, C. Andrzejewski, E. Tagoe, R. Knight, et H. Reed, 2008, Urbanization and fertility: An event-history analysis of Coastal Ghana, Demography , 45, 4, pp. 803‑816.
- Wiegleb, V., 2019, A literature review on wetlands in Accra , WaterPower Working Paper, No. 5, Governance and Sustainability Lab, Trier University, Germany, 34 p.
- Zupan, M., F. Bulleri, J. Evans, S. Fraschetti, P. Guidetti, A. Garcia-Rubies, M. Sostres, V. Asnaghi, A. Caro, S. Deudero, R. Goñi, G. Guarnieri, F. Guilhaumon, D. Kersting, A. Kokkali, C. Kruschel, V. Macic, L. Mangialajo, S. Mallol, E. Macpherson, A. Panucci, M. Radolovic, M. Ramdani, P. J. Schembri, A. Terlizzi, E. Villa, et J. Claudet, 2018, How good is your marine protected area at curbing threats?, Biological Conservation , 221, pp. 237‑245.