Abstracts
Résumé
Le changement climatique étant susceptible d’avoir des impacts majeurs sur les côtes basses, notre capacité à évaluer les conséquences des aléas littoraux dans le futur est un élément essentiel dans la prévention des risques littoraux. Cet article présente des exemples de l’application d’une méthode destinée à estimer la position future du trait de côte et à cartographier les zones à risque de submersion à l’horizon 2065, en prenant en compte l’élévation future du niveau marin, au niveau de deux communes du littoral du nord de la France où des habitations sont déjà menacées par l’érosion ou la submersion marine. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’érosion représente le risque majeur sur un des deux sites étudiés où la majeure partie d’un lotissement pourrait disparaitre d’ici 2065 si rien n’est fait pour limiter l’érosion du littoral. Bien que la submersion marine constitue la principale menace sur le deuxième site d’étude, c’est l’érosion côtière qui augmentera, à terme, les risques de submersion des habitations en réduisant la largeur du cordon dunaire qui en assure la protection. La comparaison de nos résultats avec les cartes des aléas produites par les services de l’État fait apparaitre des différences sensibles qui s’expliquent par le fait que le risque d’érosion n’a pas été pris en compte dans les Plans de prévention des risques littoraux (PPRL) des deux communes considérées, ce qui pose la question de la validité de zones à risque définies sans prendre en compte l’évolution future probable du trait de côte.
Mots-clés :
- risques littoraux,
- changement climatique,
- cartographie prospective,
- érosion côtière,
- submersion marine
Abstract
Because climate change will likely have major impacts in low-lying coastal areas, our ability for evaluating predictable consequences of coastal hazards in the future already represents a key issue in coastal risk reduction. This paper presents examples of the application of a method aimed at assessing the future position of the shoreline and at mapping areas that will be at risk of flooding by 2065 with future sea-level rise at two coastal localities of northern France where properties are already threatened by erosion or flooding. Our results show that erosion is the main coastal hazard at one of the two study sites where a large part of a housing estate may disappear by 2065 if no action is taken for limiting coastal erosion. Although marine flooding represents the primary risk at the second study site, coastal erosion will increase the risk of flooding of properties in the future due to the decrease in width of the protective coastal dunes. Comparison of our results with the coastal hazard maps published by the French government shows significant differences that can be explained by the fact that the risk of erosion was not considered in the Coastal Risk Protection Plans (PPRL) of the two municipalities considered in this study, which raises the question of the reliability of areas at risk defined without taking into account future shoreline evolution trends.
Keywords:
- coastal risks,
- climate change,
- prospective mapping,
- coastal erosion,
- marine flooding
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Appendices
Remerciements
Cet article présente des résultats du projet de recherche COSACO « Quel littoral dans cinquante ans ? Co-construction de stratégies d’adaptation au changement climatique en Côte d’Opale » financé par la Fondation de France en réponse à l’Appel à projet de 2016 « Quels littoraux pour demain ? ». Les données topographiques LiDAR ayant servi à la réalisation des cartes prospectives du littoral à l’horizon 2065 ont été acquises par le CIRCLE (Contrôle, Innovation et Recherche en Cartographie Laser de l’Environnement) de l’Université de Caen grâce au financement de la Fondation de France. Les données marégraphiques ont été fournies par le Service hydrographique et océanographique de la Marine (Shom). Nous remercions Denis Marin pour son aide dans la réalisation des figures. Nous tenons également à remercier les deux réviseurs anonymes dont les commentaires et suggestions ont contribué à améliorer la qualité du manuscrit.
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