Abstracts
Résumé
L’érosion des sols est un risque naturel qui est exacerbé par les activités anthropiques en République démocratique du Congo. Cependant, il existe peu d’information sur la spatialisation de ce phénomène à l’échelle territoriale. Cette étude est basée sur l’utilisation du modèle USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) et des données en accès libre pour cartographier les zones à risque d’érosion et faire la priorisation des zones pour la conservation des sols dans le territoire d’Uvira. Au regard de résultats, 52,79 % du territoire est caractérisé par un risque d’érosion faible tandis que 47,21 % font face à un risque de perte de sol supérieure à la limite tolérable de 11 t/ha/an dans le contexte des paysages tropicaux et montagneux. Ce risque est accentué par la perte du couvert végétal au profit de l’extension des zones urbaines et agricoles. Le faible niveau de sensibilité à l’érosion se trouve au niveau de la plaine de la Ruzizi tandis que les zones situées dans les plateaux présentent une forte sensibilité en raison de leur relief accidenté et une pluviosité forte. L’analyse statistique des rapports de fréquence des glissements de terrain montre l’existence d’une relation entre leur occurrence et les zones d’intensité d’érosion. La modélisation de la perte de sol en fonction des différentes méthodes de protection de sol montre que l’approche de mise en place des bandes enherbées et l’aménagement des terrasses sont les plus appropriés pour réduire le risque d’érosion dans ce secteur. Ces méthodes peuvent être associées aux efforts d’afforestation pour une protection efficace des sols.
Mots-clés :
- érosion,
- SIG libre,
- aménagement du territoire,
- conservation des sols,
- République démocratique du Congo
Abstract
Soil erosion is among the natural hazards that are exacerbated by human activities in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). However, there is little information on the spatialization of this phenomenon at the territorial level in the DRC. This study assesses the potential use of Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and open access data to map areas at risk of erosion and prioritize areas for soil conservation in Uvira’s territory. In terms of results, 52.79% of this territory is characterized by a low risk of erosion with an average soil loss of 6.08 t ha-1 year-1 while 47.21% faces a risk of soil loss which excess the tolerable limit of 11 t ha-1 year-1 for highlands of tropical areas. This risk is accentuated by the loss of vegetation cover in profit of agricultural activities and urbanization. The low level of sensibility to erosion is found in the Ruzizi plain while the areas in the plateaus are highly susceptible due to their rugged terrain and high rainfall intensity. The statistical analysis of the frequency ratios of landslide shows the existence of a relationship between their occurrence and erosion intensity zones defined on the basis of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE model). Soil loss modeling for different soil protection methods shows that the grassland banding and terracing approach are most appropriate to reduce the risk of erosion in this area. These methods can be combined with afforestation efforts for effective soil protection in Uvira.
Keywords:
- erosion,
- open GIS,
- spatial planning,
- soil conservation,
- Democratic Republic of Congo
Appendices
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