Abstracts
Résumé
Les concepts de résilience et de vulnérabilité ont été employés dans différentes disciplines, pour analyser et gérer les dynamiques des espaces et des groupes sociaux face à des changements rapides et incertains. Parfois mis en opposition ou imbriqués, ces deux concepts s’insèrent dans une diversité de cadres d’analyse des relations société-environnement. Cet article se propose de passer en revue ces différents cadres d’analyse et leurs apports respectifs à l’analyse des interactions entre dynamiques sociales et écologiques. Si l’ensemble des cadres étudiés prennent en compte les interactions des individus avec leur environnement, ils n’évaluent cependant pas la vulnérabilité et la résilience aux mêmes échelles. En particulier, certains cadres sont centrés sur les acteurs, tandis que d’autres se placent à l’échelle de systèmes. Nous proposons un cadre permettant de concilier ces deux démarches. Ce cadre considère un système socioécologique à la fois comme une représentation particulière de l’environnement proposée par un acteur et comme un ensemble finalisé d’éléments, organisé en une hiérarchie de niveaux d’observation, répondant chacun à une finalité, ou fonction. Nous proposons alors une démarche participative pour confronter les représentations systémiques construites par différents acteurs à propos de leur environnement, et les fonctions qu’ils lui attribuent à différents niveaux d’observation. En amont d’un diagnostic de vulnérabilité ou de résilience, ce processus de confrontation n’a pas pour ambition de déboucher sur une vision partagée de l’espace et de ses fonctions, mais vise plutôt à discuter de l’éventuelle complémentarité des enjeux de vulnérabilité et de résilience portés par les différents acteurs.
Mots-clés :
- vulnérabilité,
- résilience,
- représentations systémiques,
- finalités,
- modélisation d’accompagnement
Abstract
The concepts of resilience and vulnerability have been used in different disciplines to analyze and manage the dynamics of geographical areas and social groups facing rapid and uncertain changes. Both concepts are used within a variety of frameworks of analysis of society-environment relationships. This article aims to review the different analytical frameworks and their respective contributions to the analysis of the interactions between social and ecological dynamics. While all reviewed frameworks take into account the interactions of individuals with their environment, they do not, however, assess the vulnerability and resilience at the same scales. In particular, some frameworks are actor-centered, while others are system-centered. We propose a framework which reconciles these two approaches. This framework considers a socioecosystem both as a specific representation of the environment offered by a stakeholder, and as a set of elements contributing to one final function, and organized in a hierarchy of levels of observation, in which each level corresponds to an intermediary function. We propose a participatory approach to confront the systemic representations that have been built by different actors about their environment, and in particular to confront the functions that have been assigned within these representations to the different levels of observation. This process is not intended to lead to a shared vision of an area and its functions, but rather to discuss the potential complementarity of the issues and stakes presented by different actors, before any further assessment of the vulnerability and resilience of the study area to specific changes.
Keywords:
- vulnerability,
- resilience,
- system representations,
- functions,
- companion modeling
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Appendices
Remerciements
Nous souhaitons remercier François Bousquet et Martine Antona qui, par leurs précieux conseils et commentaires, ont contribué à la rédaction de cet article, ainsi que les deux relecteurs anonymes qui ont permis son amélioration.
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