Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article analyse une pratique de consommation énergétique à forte retombée : l’utilisation croissante de l’air conditionné à l’intérieur des espaces publics et privés indiens. Pour répondre à la question « La climatisation est-elle nécessaire ? », nous avons étudié, à partir d’un travail de terrain à Calcutta, le lien entre mesure technique et perception subjective du confort thermique, et entre consommation énergétique et pratiques sociales, en s’appuyant sur une approche méthodologique à la fois sociale et ingénieurale.
L’étude a permis de montrer comment une donnée physique objective, dans ce cas la température, renvoie à des perceptions subjectives variables. L’étude montre de la même façon que le rapport entre perception subjective (confort thermique) et pratique énergétique (utilisation des climatiseurs) n’est pas linéaire. Les résultats de cette étude permettent finalement de comprendre que les comportements énergétiques d’une partie de l’échantillon enquêté sont déterminés par une aspiration sociale, qui vise à démontrer, à travers la possession d’un objet (le climatiseur) et la modalité de son utilisation (indépendante d’une nécessité réelle et perçue), l’appartenance à un statut social précis et identifiable. Du coup, la définition du confort thermique elle-même ne peut pas se passer de l’analyse sociale : dans le cas étudié, elle ne dépend pas seulement d’une réponse physique subjective à une donnée environnementale, mais elle relève également des représentations propres à chacune des catégories sociales.
Mots-clés :
- Calcutta,
- air conditionné,
- classes moyennes,
- mesure,
- confort,
- thermique,
- perception,
- consommation,
- énergétique,
- pratique sociale,
- statut social,
- énergie,
- Inde
Abstract
This article aims at studying a practice of high energy fallout: the increasing use of air conditioning in public and private Indians spaces. To answer the question "Is air conditioning necessary ?", we studied the link between technical measure and subjective perception of thermal comfort, and between energy consumption and social practices, for a specific case study in Calcutta. The methodology lies at the intersection of technical and social approaches. The study shows how a physical objective data, in this case the temperature, can imply variable subjective perceptions. The study also shows that the relationship between subjective perception (thermal comfort) and energy practices (use of air conditioners) is not linear. The results of this study finally allow understanding that the energy behaviour of a part of the studied sample is determined by a social aspiration. This aspiration consists in demonstrating, through the possession of an object (the air-conditioner) and the modality of its use (detached from a real necessity), the right to belong to a specific and identifiable social status. Thus, the definition of thermal comfort itself has to integrate social analysis: thermal comfort not only depends on a subjective response to physical environmental data, but it is also determined by representations that are specific to each social class.
Keywords:
- Calcutta,
- India,
- air conditioning,
- middle classes,
- Measure thermal comfort,
- perception,
- energy consumption,
- energy social practices,
- social status
Resumen
Questo articolo esamina una pratica di consumo energetico dal forte impatto: il crescente utilizzo dell’aria condizionata negli spazi pubblici e privati. Per rispondere alla domanda "L’aria condizionata è necessaria ?" è stato studiato, a partire da un’indagine di terreno a Calcutta, il legame tra misura tecnica e percezione soggettiva del comfort termico, e tra consumo energetico e pratiche sociali, sulla base di un approccio metodologico al contempo sociale e ingenieristico.
Lo studio ha dimostrato come un dato fisico obiettivo, in questo caso la temperatura, rinvia a percezioni soggettive variabili. Lo studio mostra allo stesso modo che il rapporto tra percezione soggettiva (comfort termico) e pratica energetica (uso del condizionatore) non è lineare. I risultati di questo studio permettono infine di capire che il comportamento energetico di una parte del campione di indagine è determinato da un’aspirazione sociale, volta a dimostrare, attraverso il possesso di un oggetto (il condizionatore) e la modalità di utilizzalo (indipendente da una necessità reale e percepita), l’appartenenza ad un particolare status sociale identificabile. La definizione di comfort termico non può dunque fare a meno dell’analisi sociale : nel caso studiato, il confort non dipende solo da una risposta soggettiva a dati fisici ambientali, ma anche dalle rappresentazioni proprie a ciascuna delle classi sociali.
Appendices
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