Abstracts
Abstract
This article explores the relationship between transmedia narratives, translation, and adaptation, and exposes why one can be lead to believe that these disciplines have very little in common. It first gives a definition of complexity and transmedia narratives, and explains the difference between transmedia, crossmedia, and multimedia. It then describes the types of transmedia projects proposed by Christy Dena (2011, n.p.) and illustrates them with the examples of two cult series’ narrative universes, that is, Twin Peaks and Skam. Transmedia stories, which spread on multiple platforms and involve audience participation, are considered by transmedia theorists to be part of story worlds (story universes, or “storyverses”). Yet, most of these narratives can be considered as adaptations, or as multimodal, intersemiotic translations. Despite the evident relationship between translation, adaptation and transmedia, adaptation is reduced to a mere media transfer, and translation is mostly referred to as an interlinguistic operation in recent academic conversations around transmedia and participatory culture. This article examines how the emergence of transmedia narratives illuminates the fact that adaptation and translation must step into the study of contemporary transmedial landscape, and how transmedia, translation and adaptation could gain from it.
Keywords:
- transmedia storytelling,
- translation,
- adaptation,
- complexity,
- trans-disciplinarity
Résumé
Cet article explore les relations entre narration transmédia, traduction et adaptation, et met en évidence les arguments pouvant laisser croire que ces trois disciplines ont très peu en commun. Après avoir défini les notions de complexité et de narration transmédia, j’y rappelle ce qui distingue les projets transmédia, crossmédia et multimédia. Les deux types de projets transmédia établis par Christy Dena (2011, n.p.) sont ensuite décrits et illustrés par les univers narratifs de deux séries, Twin Peaks et Skam. Les récits transmédia, souvent déclinés sur des plateformes multiples, sont considérés par les chercheurs en transmédia comme faisant partie d’univers narratifs exigeant un engagement actif de la part du public. Pourtant, la plupart de ces récits peuvent être considérés comme des adaptations ou des traductions intersémiotiques multimodales. En dépit des liens apparents entre traduction, adaptation et transmédia, on constate dans les discussions universitaires récentes sur le transmédia et la culture participative que l’adaptation est souvent réduite à un transfert entre médias, et la traduction, à une opération interlinguistique. Cet article examine comment l’émergence de la narration transmédia met en lumière la nécessité pour la traduction et l’adaptation de s’engager dans l’étude des phénomènes transmédiaux contemporains, et quels en seraient les bénéfices pour la traduction, l’adaptation et le transmédia.
Mots-clés :
- narration transmédia,
- traduction,
- adaptation,
- complexité,
- trans-disciplinarité
Appendices
Bibliography
- Aïm, Olivier (2013). “Le transmédia comme remédiation de la théorie du récit.” Terminal. Technologie de l’information, culture & société, 112, pp. 43-55.
- Bassnett, Susan and André Lefevere, eds. (1990). Translation, History and Culture. New York, Pinter.
- Bastin, Georges L. (1993). “La notion d’adaptation en traduction.” Meta, 38, 3, pp. 473-478.
- Camden, Jennifer and Kate Faber Oestreich (2018). Transmedia Storytelling: Pemberley Digital’s Adaptations of Jane Austen and Mary Shelley. Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Canalès, Audrey (forthcoming). “Performative Translation and Identity. From Poetics to Politics.” In M.-F. Guénette and R. Pacheco-Aguilar, eds. Translation and Interpreting Practice Revisited: Situatedness and Performativity, Leuven, Leuven University Press.
- Cattrysse, Patrick (2014). Descriptive Adaptation Studies: Epistemological and Methodological Issues. Antwerpen, Garant Publishers.
- Chaume, Frederic (2018). “Is Audiovisual Translation Putting the Concept of Translation up against the Ropes?” JoSTrans, 30, pp. 84-104.
- Collard, Nathalie (2017). “Skam : la série norvégienne qui séduit les jeunes du monde entier.” La Presse, 27 juillet, n.p. [http://www.lapresse.ca/arts/television/201707/27/01-5119720-skam-la-serie-norvegienne-qui-seduit-les-jeunes-du-monde-entier.php].
- Constandinides, Costas (2010). From Film Adaptation to Post-Celluloid Adaptation: Rethinking the Transition of Popular Narratives and Characters across Old and New Media. New York, Continuum.
- Cristofari, Cécile and Matthieu J. Guitton (2015). “L’aca-fan : aspects méthodologiques, éthiques et pratiques.” Revue Française des Sciences de l’information et de la communication, 7, n.p. [https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/1651].
- Cypher, Mark and Ingrid Richardson (2006). “An Actor-Network Approach to Games and Virtual Environments.” CyberGames ’06: Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Game Research and Development, Murdoch [Australia], Murdoch University, pp. 254-259. [https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/1234341.1234382].
- Dena, Christy (2009). Transmedia Practice: Theorising the Practice of Expressing a Fictional World across Distinct Media and Environments. PhD dissertation. University of Sydney. Unpublished. [https://ciret-transdisciplinarity.org/biblio/biblio_pdf/Christy_DeanTransm.pdf].
- Dena, Christy (2011). “Do you Have a Big Stick?” In S. Groth, ed. Hand Made High Tech, Australia, If:book Australia, n.p. [https://eprints.qut.edu.au/77679/12/77679.pdf].
- Dena, Christy (2019). “Transmedia Adaptation: Revisiting the No-Adaptation Rule.” In M. Freeman and R. Rampazzo Gambarato, eds. The Routledge Companion to Transmedia Studies. London and New York, Routledge, pp. 195-206.
- Freeman, Matthew and Renira Rampazzo Gambarato, eds. (2019). The Routledge Companion to Transmedia Studies. London and New York, Routledge.
- Gambier, Yves (1992). “Adaptation : une ambiguïté à interroger.” Meta, 37, 3, pp. 421-425.
- Gambier, Yves and Luc Van Doorslaer, eds. (2016). Border Crossings: Translation Studies and Other Disciplines. Amsterdam, John Benjamins.
- Genette, Gérard (1997). Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree. Trans. Channa Newman and Claude Doubinsky. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.
- Giovagnoli, Max (2011). Transmedia Storytelling. Imagery, Shapes and Techniques. Trans. Feny Montesano and Piero Vaglioni. Pittsburgh, ETC Press.
- Hutcheon, Linda and Siobhan O’Flynn (2013). A Theory of Adaptation. Second Edition. London and New York, Routledge.
- Jakobson, Roman (1959). “On Linguistics Aspects of Translation.” In R.A. Brower, ed. On Translation, Cambridge [MA], Harvard University Press, pp. 232-239.
- Jakubisko, Jorik (2016). “Defining Transmedia vs Crossmedia.” Film New Europe, October 14, n.p. [https://www.filmneweurope.com/fne-innovation/item/113514-defining-transmedia-vs-crossmedia].
- Jenkins, Henry (2003). “Transmedia Storytelling.” MIT Technology Review, January 15, n.p. [https://www.technologyreview.com/s/401760/transmedia-storytelling/].
- Jenkins, Henry (2008). Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York, New York University Press.
- Jenkins, Henry (2011). “Transmedia 202: Further Reflections.” Confessions of An Aca-fan, July 31, n.p. [http://henryjenkins.org/blog/2011/08/defining_transmedia_further_re.html/].
- Jenkins, Henry (2013). “Bastard Culture!: An Interview with Mirko Tobias Schäfer (Part One).” Confessions of An Aca-fan, May 12, n.p. [http://henryjenkins.org/blog/2013/05/bastard-culture-an-interview-with-mirko-tobias-schafer-part-one.html].
- Long, Geoffrey (2017). “Créer des mondes dans lesquels jouer : utiliser l’esthétique Transmedia pour transformer des histoires en mythologies.” Revue Française des Sciences de l’information et de la communication, 10, n.p. [http://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/2560].
- Marais, Kobus (2014). Translation Theory and Development Studies: A Complexity Theory Approach. London and New York, Routledge.
- Marais, Kobus (2019). A (Bio)Semiotic Theory of Translation. The Emergence of Social-Cultural Reality. London and New York, Routledge.
- Marais, Kobus and Reine Meylaerts, eds. (2019). “Introduction.” In K. Marais and R. Meylaerts, eds. Complexity Thinking in Translation Studies. Methodological Considerations. London and New York, Routledge, pp. 1-18.
- Moloney, Kevin (2014). “Multimedia, Crossmedia, Transmedia...What’s in a Name?” Transmedia Journalism, April 21, n.p. [https://transmediajournalism.org/2014/04/21/multimedia-crossmedia-transmedia-whats-in-a-name/].
- Morin, Edgar (2011). Seven Complex Lessons in Education for the Future. Wise Channel, n.p. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4&v=oUfqZE-Ywts].
- Morin, Edgar (2014). “Complex Thinking for a Complex World – About Reductionism, Disjunction and Systemism.” Systema, 2, 1, pp. 14-22.
- O’Hagan, Minako (2012). “Translation as the New Game in the Digital Era.” Translation Spaces, 1, 1, pp. 123-141.
- Remael, Aline (2010). “Audiovisual Translation.” In Y. Gambier and L. van Doorslaer, eds. Handbook of Translation Studies,Volume 1. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, pp. 12-17.
- Ryan, Marie-Laure (2017). “Transmedia Storytelling as Narrative Practice.” In T. Leitch, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Adaptation Studies. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- Sanders, Julie (2016). Adaptation and Appropriation. London and New York, Routledge.
- Schäfer, Mirko Tobias (2011). Bastard Culture! How User Participation Transforms Cultural Production. Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press.
- Snyder, Chris (2018). “What is LARPing?” Business Insider, October 9, n.p. [https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-larping-live-action-role-playing-steampunk-aurum-larp-2018-10].
- Stecconi, Ubaldo (2010). “What Happens if we Think that Translating is a Wave?” Translation Studies, 3, 1, pp. 47-60.
- TransMedia (n.d.). “Presentation.” TransMedia Research Group. [https://www.transmediaresearchgroup.com/].
- Vandal-Sirois, Hugo and Georges L. Bastin (2012). “Adaptation and Appropriation: Is there a Limit?” In L. Raw, ed. Translation, Adaptation and Transformation, London, Continuum, pp. 21-41.
- Voigts, Eckart (2015). “Bastard and Pirates, Remixes and Multitude, the Politics of Mash-Up Transgression and the Polyprocesses of Cultural Jazz.” In D. Hassler-Forest and P. Nicklas, eds. The Politics of Adaptation: Media Convergence and Ideology. New York, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 82-97.
- Voigts, Eckart (2017). “Memes and Recombinant Appropriation: Remix, Mashup, Parody.” In T. Leitch, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Adaptation Studies, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 285-305.
- Voigts, Eckart and Pascal Nicklas (2013). “Introduction: Adaptation, Transmedia Storytelling and Participatory Culture.” Adaptation, 6, 2, pp. 139-142.