Abstracts
Abstract
Translation technologies often figure translation as a simple process of linguistic transfer from one code to another or as a question of selecting the correct matching segments from a database. The prominence of such technologies in the digital age has thus renewed discussions of fidelity and equivalence for translators. The critical attention given to broader cultural and textual contexts that came into focus with the cultural turn seems at risk of disappearing into cyberspace. However, the ongoing proliferation of textual production and reproduction also foregrounds the possibilities of variability and difference in repetition. Using the foibles of technology as catalysts for their own creative ventures, digital-age artists such as Urayoán Noel and Malinda Kathleen Reese channel deficiencies productively in their art, revealing the unsuspected potentials of digital technologies. Such a view of translation as creation challenges the commonplace notion that translation is a scientific act of “carrying across,” a purely semantic transfer that results in the (illusion of) identicality of source and target. Echoing Lévi-Strauss’s notion of “bricolage”—the means by which people retrieve and recombine cultural materials to create new content—Reese and Noel shatter the semantic shackles of identicality by using technology to retrieve and transform the material scraps of language and culture. Their art helps us reconceptualize translation and go beyond fixed notions of what a translation should be or do in terms of fidelity and equivalence. Their playful misuse of machine translation and voice-recognition software allows for a critical analysis of the tension between the universal and the particular as it relates to the act of translation, and does so in a way that uses formal experimentation and humour to resist traditional power dynamics.
Keywords:
- experimental translation,
- machine translation,
- voice recognition,
- bricolage,
- humour
Résumé
Les technologies de la traduction posent souvent la traduction comme un processus simple de transfert linguistique d’un code à un autre, ou bien comme une sélection de segments correspondants à partir d’une base de données. La proéminence de ces technologies à l’ère numérique a renouvelé les discussions traductologiques portant sur la fidélité et l’équivalence. L’attention critique accordée aux contextes culturels et textuels plus vastes, mise de l’avant par le tournant culturel, semble risquer de disparaître dans le cyberespace. En utilisant les faiblesses de la technologie comme catalyseurs pour leurs oeuvres créatives, certains artistes de l’ère numérique tels que Urayoán Noel et Malinda Kathleen Reese canalisent les déficiences de manière productive dans leur art, révélant ainsi les potentiels insoupçonnés des technologies numériques. Une telle vision de la traduction comme création contredit le lieu commun voulant que la traduction ne soit qu’un acte scientifique de pur transfert sémantique produisant une illusion d’identité entre source et cible. Faisant écho à la notion de « bricolage » avancée par Lévi-Strauss – c’est-à-dire le moyen par lequel les matériaux culturels sont récupérés et recombinés pour créer de nouveaux contenus – Reese et Noel se libèrent du joug sémantique de l’identité par l’utilisation de technologies dans le but de trouver de nouvelles méthodes de récupération et transformation du matériel linguistique et culturel. Leur art nous permet de re-conceptualiser la traduction de manière à aller au-delà des notions fixes gouvernant ce qu’une traduction devrait être, ou faire, en termes de fidélité ou d’équivalence. Leur utilisation ludique, détournée, de la traduction automatique et de la reconnaissance vocale permet une analyse critique de la tension entre l’universel et le particulier en ce qui concerne l’acte traductif. Elle utilise des formes d’expérimentation formelle et d’humour pour résister aux dynamiques traditionnelles du pouvoir.
Mots-clés :
- traduction expérimentale,
- traduction automatique,
- reconnaissance vocale,
- bricolage,
- humour
Appendices
Bibliography
- Alarcón, Daniel and Silvia Viñas, producers (2014). “Lost in Translation: Urayoán Noel Gives Poet Cesar Vallejo a Digital Makeover.” Radio Ambulante: Unscripted [Audio podcast, Public Radio International], 14 August. Available at: www.pri.org/programs/radio-ambulante-unscripted/lost-translation-urayo-n-noel-gives-poet-cesar-vallejo-digital [consulted 17 February 2016].
- Barker, Chris and Emma A. Jane (2016). Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice, 5th edition. London, SAGE.
- Bau Gil, José Ramón and Anthony Pym (2006). “Technology and Translation (A Pedagogical Overview).” In A. Pym, A. Perekrestenko and B. Starink, eds. Translation Technology and Its Teaching. Tarragona, Intercultural Studies Group. pp. 5-19.
- Camp, Alexandra van de (2016). “Gemini Ink: The Bilingual Buzz Behind Poet Urayoán Noel.” Rivard Report, 1 March. Available at: therivardreport.com/the-buzz-and-bilingual-hum-of-puerto-ricanny-poet-urayoan-noel/ [consulted 25 May 2017].
- Castilho, Sheila, Joss Moorkens, Federico Gaspari, Iacer Calixto, John Tinsley, and Andy Way (2017). “Is Neural Machine Translation the New State of the Art?” The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics, 108, pp. 109-120.
- Cettolo, Mauro and Marcello Federico (2006). “Text Segmentation Criteria for Statistical Machine Translation.” In T. Salakoski et al., eds. Advances in Natural Language Processing, 5th International Conference, FinTAL 2006, Turku, Finland, LNCS 4139. Berlin, Springer, pp. 664-673.
- Clayton, Michelle (2011). Poetry in Pieces: César Vallejo and Lyric Modernity. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press.
- Compagnon, Antoine (1979). La seconde main, ou le travail de la citation. Paris, Éditions du Seuil.
- Cronin, Michael (2013a). Translation in the Digital Age. New York, Routledge.
- Cronin, Michael (2013b). “Mind the Gap: Translation Automation and the Lure of the Universal.” TTR, 26, 2, pp. 193-218.
- Cyrus, Miley (2013). “Miley Cyrus – Wrecking Ball.” Available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=My2FRPA3Gf8 [consulted 29 May 2017].
- Deuze, Mark (2006). “Participation, Remediation, Bricolage: Considering Principal Components of a Digital Culture.” The Information Society, 22, pp. 63–75.
- Gabriel, Richard P. (2012). “Defamiliarization: Flarf, Conceptual Writing, and Using Flawed Software Tools as Creative Partners.” Knowledge Management and E-Learning: An International Journal, 4, 2, pp. 134-145.
- Gere, Charlie (2014). “DCRK Questions: Charlie Gere.” Centre for Digital Cultures. Available at: https://vimeo.com/96915595 [consulted 1 June 2017].
- Huang, Xuedong, James Baker and Raj Reddy (2014). “A Historical Perspective of Speech Recognition.” Communications of the ACM, 57, 1, pp. 94-103.
- Hutcheon, Linda (1985). A Theory of Parody: The Teachings of Twentieth-Century Art Forms. New York and London, Methuen.
- Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1966 [1962]). The Savage Mind. Trans. George Weidenfeld. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
- Melby, Alan (1997). “Some Notes on the Proper Place of Men and Machines in Language Translation.” Machine Translation, 12, pp. 29-34.
- Noel, Urayoán (2010). Hi-Density Politics. Buffalo, BlazeVOX [books].
- Noel, Urayoán (2015). Buzzing Hemisphere / Rumor Hemisférico. Tucson, The University of Arizona Press.
- Perloff, Marjorie (2010). Unoriginal Genius: Poetry by Other Means in the New Century. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
- Reese, Malinda Kathleen (2014a). “‘Let It Go’ from Frozen according to Google Translate (PARODY).” Available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bVAoVlFYf0&list=PLGnYtw5ezZI-BnVCUhMOcBqi9KggS1fhD&index=1 [consulted 29 May 2017].
- Reese, Malinda Kathleen (2014b). “Google Translate Sings: ‘Wrecking Ball’ by Miley Cyrus (PARODY).” Available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=zS-Gi5Z5zik&index=4&list=PLGnYtw5ezZI-BnVCUhMOcBqi9KggS1fhD [consulted 29 May 2017].
- Reese, Malinda Kathleen (2015a). “My Real Thoughts on Translation.” Available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=uRsKy9Rqa9M&list=PLGnYtw5ezZI9LAMBUL0WFwiX6fv1nFG19 [consulted 29 May 2017].
- Reese, Malinda Kathleen (2015b). “Q&A: Kitchen-Sized Red Pandas.” Available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=qnedtaBtBMI [consulted 29 May 2017].
- Reese, Malinda Kathleen (2016). “Google Translate Sings: Sleeping Beauty.” Available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lko0xM3w__Q&index=25&list=PLGnYtw5ezZI-BnVCUhMOcBqi9KggS1fhD [consulted 29 May 2017].
- Rooten, Luis d’Antin van (1980 [1967]). Mots d’heures: gousse, rames—The d’Antin Manuscript. New York, Penguin.
- Schafenacker, Christopher (2015). “Interview with Urayoán Noel.” Drunken Boat: An Online Journal of Art and Literature, 21. Available at: www.drunkenboat.com/blog/?p=4931 [consulted 15 February 2016].
- Snell-Hornby, Mary (2006). The Turns of Translation Studies. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins.
- Steiner, George (1998 [1975]). After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- Sullivan, Gary (2011). “A Brief Guide to Flarf Poetry.” Available at: www.poets.org/poetsorg/text/brief-guide-flarf-poetry [consulted 27 November 2017]
- Vallejo, César (1991 [1922]). Trilce. Madrid, Ediciones Cátedra.
- Venuti, Lawrence (1998). The Scandals of Translation: Towards an Ethics of Difference. New York, Routledge.
- Venuti, Lawrence (2008). “Translation, Simulacra, Resistance.” Translation Studies, 1, 1, pp. 18-33.
- Zukofsky, Celia and Louis Zukofsky (1969). Catullus(Gai Valeri Catulli Veronensis Liber). London, Cape Golliard Press.