Abstracts
Abstract
This article attempts to assess the contribution of Chinese translators and theorists of the twenties and thirties, in particular the famous writer Lu Xun, whom I consider the first modern translation theorist in China. It is with him that China entered its modern phase in translation. Not only did he advocate retaining the foreignness of the original text, in a way reminiscent of the entire tradition of German Romantic translation theorists from Schleiermacher to von Humboldt to Goethe; he also explored in his own translations the possibilities for enriching the Chinese language through the importation of Europeanized structures and expressions. It is these foreignizing impulses that set Lu Xun apart most clearly from pre-modern Chinese theorists. At the same time, these impulses connect him with leading giants of translation theory like Nabokov and Benjamin (who emphasized the importance of the literal method in translation) on the one hand, and Venuti and Holmes (who highlighted processes of indigenization and exoticization in translation) on the other.
Lu Xun’s ideas had a particular place in the wider cultural and historical context. Views similar to his had been advocated by his predecessors at the beginning of the century, whose attempt to Europeanize the classical language did not, unfortunately, find a large following. In his own time, Lu found ardent supporters among friends and colleagues who either (a) suggested thorough Europeanization, or (b) preferred limited Europeanization. Dissenting views, however, were clearly voiced by some of the other leading writers of the day. So there were (a) those who favored the use of a language based on the actual words spoken by the populace and (b) those who queried why one should not learn a foreign language and read the original instead. My article deals at length with the debates among these theorists and seeks to understand them from the perspective of contemporary Western translation theory.
Keywords:
- Chinese translation theory,
- literalism,
- foreignization,
- modernity,
- Lu Xun
Résumé
Cet article propose d’évaluer la contribution des traducteurs et théoriciens chinois des années trente et quarante. Je porterai une attention particulière à Lu Xun, que je considère le premier théoricien de la traduction en Chine. Grâce à lui, la Chine est entrée dans sa période moderne en traduction. En plus de prôner la conservation de l’« étrangeté » du texte de départ — un peu à la manière des théoriciens de la traduction de l’Allemagne romantique, de Schleiermacher à von Humboldt, en passant par Goethe —, il a aussi exploré la possibilité d’enrichir la langue chinoise par l’importation de structures et d’expressions « européanisées » dans ses propres traductions. Ce sont ces tendances « décentrées » qui ont permis à Lu Xun de se démarquer de ses prédécesseurs : les théoriciens chinois pré-modernes. D’une part, ces tendances le rapprochent des maîtres à penser de la traductologie tels Nabokov et Benjamin (qui ont mis l’emphase sur l’importance de la méthode littérale en traduction), d’autre part, cette approche le met en relation avec Venuti et Holmes (qui ont mis en relief les processus d’indigénisation et d’exotisation de la traduction).
Les idées de Lu Xun ont occupé une place particulière dans le contexte culturel et historique élargi. Des positions semblables avaient été défendues par ses prédécesseurs au début du siècle, mais ces tentatives d’« européanisation » n’avaient malheureusement pas été très populaires à l’époque. Lu, quant à lui, a trouvé de nombreux sympathisants parmi ses amis et collègues qui ont soit : a) suggéré une européanisation approfondie ; b) préféré une européanisation limitée. Par contre, d’autres auteurs contemporains ont formulé de fortes objections. Parmi eux, on retrouvait ceux qui : a) préféraient l’usage d’une langue inspirée du parler populaire ; b) proposaient plutôt d’apprendre la langue étrangère afin de lire le texte original. Mon article se penche longuement sur les débats entre ces théoriciens et tente de les mieux comprendre à la lumière de la traductologie occidentale contemporaine.
Mots-clés:
- Théorie de la traduction en Chine,
- littéralisme,
- traduction éthique,
- modernité,
- Lu Xun
Appendices
References
- BEIJING LIBRARY (1987). Minguo shiqi zhong shumu 1911-1949 (A Complete Bibliography of the Republican Era 1911-1949). Beijing, Shumu wenxian chubanshe.
- BERMAN, Antoine (1992). The Experience of the Foreign: Culture and Translation in Romantic Germany. Trans. S. Heyvaert. New York, CUNY Press.
- BERNOFSKY, Susan (1998). “Writing the Foreign: Studies in German Romantic Translation.” Princeton University Ph.D. thesis.
- DARUVALA, Susan (2000). Zhou Zuoren and an Alternative Response to Modernity. Cambridge, Harvard University Asia Center.
- FU, Sinian (1919). “Zhenyang zuo baihuawen” (How to Write in the Vernacular). Xinchao (New Currents), vol. 1, no 2 (February).
- LEE, Leo (1990). “In Search of Modernity: Some Reflections on a New Mode of Consciousness in Twentieth Century Chinese History and Literature.” In Paul Cohen and Merle Goldman, eds., Ideas across Cultures: Essays on Chinese Thought in Honor of Benjamin I. Schwartz. pp. 109-135, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
- LIU, Lydia He (1995). Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture, and Translated Modernity — China, 1900-1937. Stanford, Stanford University Press.
- LIU, Yansheng (1999). Zhongguo Xiandai Wenxue Lunzhengshi (Modern Literary Debates in China: A History). Guangzhou, Guangdong renmin chubanshe.
- LUNDBURG, Lennart (1989). “Lu Xun as a Translator: Lu Xun’s Translation and Introduction of Literature and Literary Theory, 1930-1936.” Stockholm University Ph.D. thesis.
- LUO, Xinzhang, ed. (1984), Fanyi lunji (Essays on Translation). Beijing, Shangwu yinshuguan.
- MAO, Dun [1934](1984). “Zhiyi, shunyi, waiyi” (Literal Translation, Smooth Translation and Distorted Translation). In Luo, ed. (1984), pp. 351-354.
- ——— (1922). “Zhiyi yu siyi” (Literal Translation and Dead Translation). Xiaoshuo yuebao, vol. 13, no 8, August issue. In Luo, ed. (1984), pp. 343-344.
- ——— (1921). “Yutiwen Ouhua zhi wojian (1)” (My Own Views on Europeanization). Xiaoshuo yuebao, vol. 12, no 6.
- PÉREZ-BARREIRO NOLLA, Fernando (1992). “Lu Xun’s Ideas on ‘Hard Translation’: A Historically Justified Case of Literalism.” Babel, vol. 38, no 2, pp. 79-89.
- POLLARD, David (1991). “Translation and Lu Xun: The Discipline and the Writer.” Chinese University Bulletin Supplement, vol. 21, pp. 4-11.
- SHEN, Dan (1995). “Literalism.” In Chan Sin-wai and David Pollard, eds., An Encyclopedia of Translation: Chinese-English, English-Chinese. Hong Kong, Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, pp. 568-579.
- TAGORE, Amitendranath (1967). Literary Debates in Modern China 1918-1937. Tokyo, Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies.
- WANG, Hongzhi (1999). Congshi xindaya: Ershi shiji Zhongguo fanyi yanjiu (Re-interpreting Faithfulness, Comprehensibility and Elegance: Twentieth-Century Chinese Translation Studies). Shanghai, Dongfang chuban zhongxin.
- ZHAO, Jiabi (ed.). (1935-1936). Zhongguo xinwenxue daxi (A Compendium of New Chinese Literature). Shanghai, Liangyou shuju.
- ZHENG, Zhenduo (1921). “Yutiwen Ouhua zhi wojian (2)” (My Own Views on Europeanization). Xiaoshuo yuebao, vol. 12, no 6.
- ——— (1989). Zhongguo xinwenxue daxi (A Compendium of New Chinese Literature). Shanghai, Shanghai wenyi chubanshe, 20 volumes.