Abstracts
Abstract
This article focuses on Esther Deer, also known as Princess White Deer, and her family of Mohawk performers from Caughnawaga and St. Regis (now Kahnawà:ke and Ahkwesáhsne) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a period often considered the nadir of genocidal policies and practices against the Peoples of Turtle Island. Working, as a settler scholar, with the Princess White Deer Collection in the Kanien’kehá:ka Onkwawén:na Raotitióhkwa Language and Cultural Center and with voluminous non-Indigenous press coverage, Bold reconstructs and reads details of the Deers’ acts on the international circuit. In their choreography of spectacle and control of theatrical space, their management of their own labour and their address to their audiences, they seem not only to seize agency in the entertainment marketplace but also to sustain intergenerational family, kinship, and community relations. The most visible marker of their border-crossing mobility and cultural brokerage lies in the layers of their performance attire—the topmost of which is the show blanket, especially as wielded by Princess White Deer.
Résumé
Dans cet article, Christine Bold s’intéresse à Esther Deer, aussi connue sous le nom de Princess White Deer, et à sa famille d’artistes mohawks originaires de Caughnawaga et Saint-Régis (le Kahnawà:ke et Ahkwesáhsne d’aujourd’hui). Ces derniers se produisaient sur scène à la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècle, à une époque considérée par plusieurs comme la moins glorieuse pour ce qui était des politiques et des pratiques génocidaires à l’endroit des peuples de l’Île de la Tortue.
Bold, une chercheure colonisatrice, s’est penchée sur la collection Princess White Deer au centre linguistique et culturel Kanien’kehá:ka Onkwawén:na Raotitióhkwa. Appuyant ses recherches au moyen d’un volumineux dossier de presse non indigène, elle a reconstruit dans le détail le parcours des Deer sur le circuit des spectacles à l’échelle mondiale. Leur chorégraphie spectaculaire et leur maîtrise de l’espace théâtral, leur gestion de leur propre travail et leur façon d’adresser le public laissent entendre qu’ils ont réussi à obtenir le pouvoir d’agir d’eux-mêmes sur le marché du spectacle tout en maintenant des relations familiales et communautaires intergénérationnelles. La mobilité transfrontalière et le courtage culturel des Deer transparaissent dans les nombreuses couches de leur tenue de scène, la dernière desquelles était la couverture de spectacle que maniait si bien Princess White Deer.
Download the article in PDF to read it.
Download
Appendices
Biographical note
Christine Bold is Professor of English and Canada Council Killam Research Fellow, 2018-2020, at the University of Guelph. She has published six books and many essays on popular culture and cultural memory, including the award-winning The Frontier Club: Popular Westerns and Cultural Power, 1880-1924 (Oxford UP, 2013). She is currently working on a book tentatively titled “‘Vaudeville Indians’ on Global Circuits, 1880s-1930s.”
Bibliography
- Ancestry.com (abbreviated as A).
- The British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
- Detlev Brum collection (accessed via Karl Markus Kreis) (DB).
- Kanien’kehá:ka Onkwawén:na Raotitióhkwa Language and Cultural Center, Kahnawà:ke (KORLCC).
- Karl Markus Kreis Collection (KMK).
- Newspapers.com (N).
- Princess White Deer Collection, Kanien’kehá:ka Onkwawén:na Raotitióhkwa Language and Cultural Center, Kahnawà:ke (PWDC).
- Sammlung Varieté, Zirkus, Kabarett, Stiftung Stadtmuseum Berlin-Spandau (SS).
- Alfred, Gerald R. [Taiaiake]. Heeding the Voices of Our Ancestors: Kahnawake Mohawk Politics and the Rise of Native Nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Print.
- Beauvais, Johnny. Kahnawake: A Mohawk Look at Canada and Adventures of Big John Canadian, 1840-1919. Kahnawake: Khanata Industries Reg’d, 1985. Print.
- Blanchard, David S. “For Your Entertainment Pleasure—Princess White Deer and Chief Running Deer—Last ‘Hereditary’ Chief of the Mohawk: Northern Mohawk Rodeos and Showmanship.” Journal of Canadian Culture 1 (1984): 99-116. Print.
- Bold, Christine. “Early Cinematic Westerns.” A History of Western American Literature. Ed. Susan Kollin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015. 225-41. Print.
- Bold, Christine, with Monique Mojica, Gloria Miguel, and Muriel Miguel. “Outbreak from the Vaudeville Archive.” Western American Literature 53.1 (2018): 113-26. Print.
- Calloway, Colin G., Gerd Gemünden, and Susanne Zantop, eds. Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. Print.
- Carter, Jill L., with Erika A. Iserhoff. “Negotiating Tensions Betwixt Presence and Absence Amidst a Big Sadness: Cultural Reclamation, Reinvention, and Costume Design.” Canadian Theatre Review 152.5 (2012): 5-12. Print.
- Cummins, Frederick T. “Historical Biography and Libretto of the Indian Congress.” Buffalo: Pan-American Exposition, 1901. Print.
- Deloria, Philip J. Indians in Unexpected Places. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004. Print.
- Deloria, Philip J. Playing Indian. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. Print.
- Donaldson, Thomas. Indians: The Six Nations of New York: Cayugas, Mohawks (Saint Regis), Oneidas, Onondagas, Senecas, Tuscaroras. Extra Census Bulletin. Eleventh Census of the United States. Washington, DC: United States Census Printing Office, 1892. Web. 1 Nov. 2018.
- Francis, Daniel. The Imaginary Indian: The Image of the Indian in Canadian Culture. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 1992. Print.
- Gabor, R. Costume of the Iroquois. Akwesasne Mohawk Counselor Organization St. Regis Reservation. Rept. Ohsweken, ON: Iroqrafts, 1988. Print.
- Galperin, Patricia O. In Search of Princess White Deer: A Biography. New York: Vantage Press, 2012. Print.
- Green, Rayna D. “The Tribe Called Wannabee: Playing Indian in America and Europe.” Folklore 99.1 (1988): 30-55. Print.
- Gunning, Tom. “The Cinema of Attraction: Early Film, Its Spectator and the Avant-Garde.” Wide Angle 8 (1986): 63-74. Web. 1 Nov. 2018.
- Hansen, Miriam. Babel and Babylon: Spectatorship in American Silent Film. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991. Print.
- Hearne, Joanna. “Lines of Sight in the Western.” Western American Literature 53.1 (2018): 97-112. Print.
- Jenkins, Henry. What Made Pistachio Nuts?: Early Sound Comedy and the Vaudeville Aesthetic. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992. Print.
- Kapoun, Robert W., with Charles J. Lohrmann. Language of the Robe. Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith, 1992. Print.
- Kreis, Karl Markus. “Blasmusik und Federhauben: die Indianer-Konzer-Kapelle auf Europatournee.” Amerindian Research 13.3, no. 49 (2018): 147-56. Print.
- Kreis, Karl Markus. “Prinzessin Esther White Deer in Dresden 1910.” Mittelingen der Karl-May-Gesellschaft 35.135 (2001): 19-24. Print.
- Library of Congress Copyright Office. Dramatic Compositions Copyrighted in the United States 1870-1916. Vol. 1. Washington DC: GPO, 1918. Print.
- Library of Congress Copyright Office. Record Book. Vol. 17. 1892. Print.
- Lutz, Hartmut. “German Indianthusiasm: A Socially Constructed German National(ist) Myth.” Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections. Ed. Calloway et al. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. 167-84. Print.
- McNenly, Linda Scarangella. Native Performers in Wild West Shows: From Buffalo Bill to Euro Disney. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012. Print.
- Marinetti, F. T. “The Variety Theater.” 1913. Futurism: An Anthology. Ed. Lawrence Rainey, Christine Poggi, and Laura Wittman. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. 159-64. Print.
- Moses, L. G. Wild West Shows and the Images of American Indians, 1883-1933. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996. Print.
- Nicks, Trudy, and Ruth B. Phillips, “‘From Wigwam to White Lights’: Princess White Deer’s Indian Acts.” Three Centuries of Woodlands Indian Art: A Collection of Essays. Ed. J. C. H. King and Christian F. Feest. Altenstadt: ZKF Publishers, 2007. 144-60. Print.
- Otis, Melissa. “From Iroquoia to Broadway: The Careers of Carrie A. Mohawk and Esther Deer.” Iroquoia: The Journal of the Conference on Iroquois Research 3.1 (2017): 41-66. Print.
- Penny, H. Glenn. Kindred by Choice: Germans and American Indians Since 1800. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. Print.
- Raheja, Michelle H. Reservation Reelism: Redfacing, Visual Sovereignty, and Representations of Native Americans in Film. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2010. Print.
- Reid, Gerald F. “Illegal Alien? The Immigration Case of Mohawk Ironworker Paul K. Diabo.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association 151.1 (2007): 61-78. Print.
- Reid, Gerald F. Kahnawà:ke: Factionalism, Traditionalism, and Nationalism in a Mohawk Community. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004. Print.
- Rifkin, Mark. Beyond Settler Time: Temporal Sovereignty and Indigenous Self-Determination. Durham: Duke University Press, 2017. Print.
- Robinson, Dylan. “Welcoming Sovereignty.” Performing Indigeneity. Ed. Yvette Nolan and Ric Knowles. Toronto: Playwrights Canada Press, 2016. 5-32. Print.
- Sieg, Katrin. Ethnic Drag: Performing Race, Nation, and Sexuality in West Germany. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002. Print.
- Simpson, Audra. Mohawk Interruptus: Political Life Across the Borders of Settler States. Durham: Duke University Press, 2014. Print.
- Thrush, Coll. Indigenous London: Native Travelers at the Heart of Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016. Print.
- Vizenor, Gerald. Manifest Manners: Narratives on Postindian Survivance.1994. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999. Print.
- Weaver, Jace. Other Words: American Indian Literature, Law, and Culture. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. Print.
- Weaver, Jace. The Red Atlantic: American Indigenes and the Making of the Modern World, 1000-1927. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014. Print.
- Zimmerli, Nadine. “Elite Migration to Germany: The Anglo-American Colony in Dresden before World War 1.” Migrations in the German Lands, 1500-2000. Ed. Jason Coy, Jared Poley, and Alexander Schunka. New York: Berghahn, 2016. 131-50. Print.