Abstracts
Résumé
Contexte Le chercheur et psychologue Kieron Philip O’Connor (1950-2019) fut un des pionniers de l’approche cognitive et comportementale à l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal (IUSMM). C’est là qu’il démarra une carrière de chercheur clinicien auprès des populations aux prises avec les tics chroniques, le syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette (SGT) ou le trouble obsessionnel-compulsif et apparentés (TOC). À l’époque, à part quelques psychothérapies comportementales, peu d’interventions cognitives étaient disponibles pour traiter les tics chroniques et les troubles obsessionnels-compulsifs. Et surtout, les interventions demeuraient très peu validées sur le plan empirique.
Objectif et questions Notre objectif principal est de présenter les études entourant le modèle cognitif, comportemental et psychophysiologique (CoPs) développé par Kieron O’Connor au cours de sa carrière ainsi que les retombées importantes qui ont marqué le domaine. Ses recherches partent de nombreuses questions qui ne pouvaient être abordées que par une approche multidisciplinaire basée sur les données probantes de la recherche de pointe.
Plan Notre chapitre débute par la présentation du parcours de Kieron O’Connor au Centre de recherche de l’IUSMM. Nous enchaînerons sur le contexte historique entourant le traitement du SGT et du TOC. Nous exposerons ensuite les grands modèles ayant permis l’aboutissement du traitement cognitif comportemental et psychophysiologique pour les tics chroniques ainsi que l’approche centrée sur les inférences pour traiter le TOC. Nous terminerons ensuite sur les multiples thèmes abordés par son équipe au-delà du SGT et du TOC.
Méthode La recherche a été réalisé avec Medline et PsycInfo avec les critères d’inclusion basés sur les articles publiés par Kieron O’Connor rédigés en français ou en anglais tirés d’articles de recherche originaux ou de revues.
Résultats Nous avons recensé 175 articles regroupés en 2 thèmes principaux. Nous pouvons tirer 2 grands constats. Premièrement, les psychothérapies menées selon le modèle CoPs auprès d’adultes ayant le SGT ont montré des améliorations liées à un changement dans les schémas d’activation sensorimotrice qui tendrait à se normaliser après le traitement et permettrait, entre autres, de développer un meilleur contrôle moteur. Deuxièmement, les travaux menés sur le TOC sont centrés sur les inférences inverses. Ce modèle a permis l’élaboration d’une thérapie basée sur les inférences, permettant de travailler sur les doutes erronés, le soi craint et la confusion inférentielle.
Conclusion Les résultats ont retracé les principaux travaux en particulier son oeuvre maîtresse comprenant une thérapie basée sur les inférences pour le TOC et une autre sur la prise en charge cognitive et psychophysiologique pour le SGT. Cela s’imbriquait dans un modèle étayé par une démarche empirique et phénoménologique et s’appliquait à d’autres thèmes apparentés aux obsessions comme les comportements répétitifs centrés sur le corps, les troubles alimentaires, les dysmorphophobies, l’accumulation compulsive, certains délires ainsi que certaines dépendances.
Mots-clés :
- syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette,
- tics,
- trouble obsessionnels-compulsifs et apparentés,
- thérapie cognitivo-comportemental,
- psychophysiologie,
- Kieron O’Connor
Abstract
Background Researcher and psychologist Kieron Philip O’Connor (1950-2019) pioneered the cognitive and behavioural approach at the Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal (IUSMM). It was there that he began a career as a clinical researcher studying Tourette’s syndrome (TS) and obsessive-compulsive and related disorder (OCD). At the time, apart from some behavioural approaches, little cognitive intervention was available to treat chronic tics and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Above all, the interventions remained very poorly validated.
Objective and questions: Our main aim is to present the cognitive, behavioural and psychophysiological model developed during his successful career and the impact of important research that has marked the field. His research is based on many questions that arose at the beginning of its development in the ’90s. Why do many patients not respond to treatments? Why are these patients often misdiagnosed? Are there alternatives to pharmacological treatments? He knew these questions could only be addressed through a multidisciplinary approach combining psychiatry, neurology, clinical psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Thus, he advocated a model incorporating a cognitive, behavioural, and psychophysiological approach based on cutting-edge research evidence.
Outline Our chapter presents Dr. O’Connor’s journey as a researcher and psychologist at the Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal research center. Thus, we expose the historical context surrounding the treatment of TS and OCD. We will then present the main models that have led to the successful cognitive, behavioural and psychophysiological treatment of chronic tics and the inference-based approach to treat OCD. We will then conclude with multiple orientations, approaches and themes addressed by his team.
Method The search was conducted via Medline and PsycInfo with inclusion criteria based on the following criteria: (1) articles published by Kieron O’Connor; (2) written in English or French; (3) original research or journal articles.
Results We identified 175 articles grouped into main themes. There are two main conclusions to be drawn. First, psychotherapies conducted according to the CoPs model with adults with TS have shown improvements related to a change in sensorimotor activation patterns that normalize after treatment and allow, among other things, the development of improved motor control. Second, work on OCD has led to the emergence of a new approach that focuses on obsessions as a product of inverse inference. This model has allowed for the development of inference-based approaches, thus allowing work on erroneous doubts, feared self, and inferential confusion.
Conclusion The results traced the body of work, in particular his masterpiece, including an inference-based approach for OCD and another on cognitive and psychophysiological management of TS. All of this was intertwined into a model supported by an empirical and phenomenological approach that touched on secondary themes such as body-focused repetitive behaviours, body dysmorphic disorder, eating disorders, hoarding, delusions and certain addictions.
Keywords:
- Tourette’s syndrome,
- obsessive-compulsive disorders,
- cognitive behavioural therapy,
- psychophysiology,
- Kieron O’Connor
Appendices
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