Abstracts
Résumé
Objectif Les services de santé mentale destinés aux personnes présentant un Premier Épisode de Psychose (PEP) proposent des interventions spécialisées qui ont démontré leur efficacité sur l’évolution psychopathologique des personnes suivies, mais ils n’intègrent pas encore dans leurs programmes de traitement des interventions pour prévenir les Agressions Physiques (AP). Cet article présente les résultats d’études afin d’inciter ces services à évaluer le risque d’AP et à intervenir rapidement pour prévenir ces comportements, à côté du traitement des troubles psychotiques.
Méthode Cet article présente une recension narrative des écrits scientifiques. Il est basé sur des publications en français et anglais, rapportant des études, revues et méta-analyses portant sur les antécédents, corrélats et traitements efficaces des AP et de la criminalité chez les personnes présentant un trouble mental grave, une schizophrénie, ou un premier épisode de psychose.
Résultats La recension des écrits scientifiques confirme que les personnes développant ou présentant une schizophrénie montrent un risque élevé d’APs de criminalité, particulièrement d’homicide, comparativement à la population générale. Approximativement un tiers des patients présente des APs avant un PEP. Un premier sous-groupe de personnes, qui présente le plus haut taux d’APs et de criminalité, a des antécédents de troubles des conduites dans l’enfance. Un deuxième sous-groupe de personnes débute les APs avant le PEP, au fur et à mesure que l’anxiété et les symptômes positifs augmentent. L’association entre symptômes psychotiques positifs et AP varie selon la phase de la maladie et l’âge de début des APs. De plus, d’autres facteurs tels que l’abus de substances (notamment la consommation de cannabis), les difficultés à reconnaître les émotions sur le visage d’autrui, l’impulsivité et la victimisation physique sont associés aux APs. À côté des interventions qui ont montré leur efficacité pour la prise en charge des troubles psychotiques et des habiletés sociales, des programmes de traitement conçus pour prévenir les APs, les comportements antisociaux et les facteurs associés apparaissent nécessaires, ainsi que des interventions visant à réduire les victimisationsqui favorisent les APs.
Conclusion Les travaux de recherche ont montré l’existence de différents profils de patients et des facteurs liés aux APs qui pourraient être identifiés lors d’un PEP. Ainsi, les services qui accompagnent les personnes présentant un PEP pourraient jouer un rôle important en prévenant les APs. Pour ce faire, il conviendrait d’intervenir simultanément sur les troubles psychotiques et les APs. Différents défis à l’implantation de ces interventions doivent être relevés : le premier est de convaincre les équipes de l’intérêt de ces pratiques pour prévenir les agressions, et le second est d’amener les patients qui ont le plus besoin de ces interventions à y participer. Travailler la motivation et l’adhésion des patients aux interventions demeure un défi important.
Mots-clés :
- premier épisode de psychose,
- agressions physiques,
- évaluation,
- traitements
Abstract
Objective Mental health services for persons presenting a first episode of psychosis include specialized interventions that are effective in treating psychosis, but they do not include treatments that prevent aggressive behaviour (AB). This article presents the results of studies in an effort to incite these services to evaluate the risk of AB and to intervene rapidly to prevent these behaviours as well as treating the psychotic disorder.
Method This article presents a narrative review of the scientific studies. We have reviewed publications in French and English reporting studies, reviews, and meta-analyses focused on the antecedents, correlates, and effective treatments for AB and criminality of persons described as presenting severe mental disorder, schizophrenia, or a first episode of psychosis.
Results The review of scientific studies confirms that persons developing or presenting schizophrenia are at increased risk to engage in AB, crime, and homicide relative to the general population. Before a first episode of psychosis approximately one third of patients display AB. One subgroup of these persons, those who present the highest risk of AB and criminality, have a history of conduct disorder since childhood. Another subgroup who also begin engaging in AB before a first episode of psychosis display AB as anxiety and positive symptoms increase. The association between positive psychotic symptoms and AB varies according to the phase of illness and the age of onset of AB. Further, other factors such as substance misuse (especially cannabis use), difficulty in recognizing emotions in the faces of others, impulsivity, and physical victimization are related to AB. In addition to effective treatments for psychosis and social skill training, treatment programs aimed at preventing AB and antisocial behaviours, and the associated factors are needed, as well as interventions that aim to reduce victimization.
Conclusion The extant literature identifies different profiles of patients and factors associated with AB that can be identified at a first episode of psychosis. Consequently, first episode services could play an important role in preventing AB. To do this, they would need to simultaneously treat the psychosis and the AB. The implementation of such treatments would involve challenges such as convincing treatment teams of the benefits of such an approach and convincing patients needing these treatments to comply. Increasing patients’ motivation and compliance remains an important challenge.
Keywords:
- first episode psychosis,
- aggressive behaviour,
- assessment,
- treatments
Appendices
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