Abstracts
Résumé
Il existe peu de données expérimentales faisant le lien entre les croyances religieuses, superstitieuses et de type délirant, malgré que ces croyances aient un point commun : le fait qu’elles reposent sur peu ou pas de preuves. Ceci suggère qu’elles pourraient partager un mécanisme cognitif commun et donc être observées chez les mêmes individus. Pour tester cette dernière hypothèse, nous avons fait remplir des questionnaires d’idées de type délirant, de religiosité, et de superstition à 95 participants sans antécédents psychiatriques. Globalement, les croyances superstitieuses corrèlent positivement avec les croyances religieuses et les idées de type délirant et tendent donc à apparaître chez les mêmes individus. Cependant, les idées de type délirant ne sont que partiellement liées aux croyances religieuses. La relation entre les idées de type délirant et la religiosité demeure ambiguë.
Mots-clés :
- croyance,
- religion,
- superstition,
- délire,
- corrélation
Abstract
Empirical data supporting a relationship between religious beliefs, superstitious beliefs and delusion-like beliefs remain sparse, even though these 3 types of beliefs have a common point: the fact that they rest on little or no proof. This suggests that these beliefs could be underlain by a common cognitive mechanism and thus, should be observed in the same individuals. To test this last hypothesis, we asked 95 participants without any psychiatric history to complete questionnaires of delusion-like, religious, and superstitious beliefs. Superstitious beliefs positively correlated with religious and delusion-like beliefs and thus tended to appear in the same individuals. However, delusion-like beliefs were only partially linked to religious beliefs. Therefore, their relation to religious beliefs remains ambiguous.
Keywords:
- belief,
- religion,
- superstition,
- delusion,
- correlation
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Aarnio, K., Lindeman, M. (2007). Religious people and paranormal believers : Alike or different ? Journal of Individual Differences, 28(1) 1-9.
- American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
- 2006, The Baylor Survey. American Piety in the 21st Century : New Insights to the Depth and Complexity of Religion in the US, Baylor Institute for Studies of Religion, Waco, Texas, USA.
- Barkan, S. E., Greenwood, S. F. (2003). Religious attendance and subjective well-being among older Americans : Evidence from the general social survey, Review of Religious Research, 45, no 2, 116-129.
- Beck, J., Forstmeier, W. (2007). Superstition and belief as inevitable by-products of an adaptive learning strategy, Human Nature, 18 (1), 35-46.
- Benner, D. G. (1989). Toward a psychology of spirituality : Implications for personality and psychotherapy. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 8, 19-30.
- Bowen, R., Baetz, M., D’Arcy, C. (2006). Self-rated importance of religion predicts one year outcome of patients with panic disorder, Depression and Anxiety, 23(5), 266-273.
- Claridge, G. (1997). Theoretical background issues, in Claridge, G., ed., Schizotypy : Implications for Illness and Health, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 3-18.
- Culotta, E., (2009). On the origin of religion, Science, 326(5954), 784-787.
- D’Onofrio, B. M., Murrelle, L., Eaves, L. J., McCullough, M. E., Landis, J. E., Maes, H. H. (1999). Adolescent religiousness and its influence on substance use : preliminary findings from the Mid-Atlantic School Age Twin Study, Twin Research, 2(2), 156-168.
- Fetzer Institute, National Institute on Aging Working Group, (2003). Multidimensional Measurement of Religiousness, Spirituality for Use in Health Research. A Report of a National Working Group. Supported by the Fetzer Institute in Collaboration with the National Institute on Aging. Kalamazoo, MI : Fetzer Institute.
- Foster, K. R., Kokko, H. (2009).The evolution of superstitious and superstition-like behaviour, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences, 276(1654), 31-7.
- Furrow, J. L., King, P. E., White, K. (2004). Religion and Positive Youth Development : Identity, Meaning, and Prosocial Concerns, Applied Developmental Science, 8(1), 17-26.
- Garety, P. A., Hemsley, D. R. (1994). Delusions : Investigations into the Psychology of Delusional Reasoning, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Harris, S., Kaplan, J. T., Curiel, A., Bookheimer, S. Y., Lacoboni, M., Cohen, M. S. (2009). The Neural Correlates of Religious and Nonreligious Belief, PLoS one, (4), no 10, e0007272.
- Harris, S., Sheth, S. A., Cohen, M. S. (2008). Functional neuroimaging of belief, disbelief, and uncertainty, Annals of Neurology, 63(2), 141-147.
- Irwin, H. J. (1993). Belief in the paranormal : A review of the empirical literature, The Journal of theAmerican Society for Psychiatry Research, 87 (1), 1-39.
- Jarbin, H., Von Knorring, A. L. (2004). Suicide and suicide attempts in adolescent-onset psychotic disorders, Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 58 (2), 115-123.
- Johns, L. C., van Os, J. (2001). The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population, Clinical Psychology Review, 21(8), 1125-1141.
- Jones, E., Watson, J. P. (1997). Delusion, the overvalued idea and religious beliefs : A comparative analysis of their characteristics, British Journal of Psychiatry, 170(4,) 381-386.
- Kapogiannis, D., Barbey, A. K., Su, M., Zamboni, G., Krueger, F., Grafman, J. (2009). Cognitive and neural foundations of religious belief, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, no 12, 4876-4881.
- Kendler, K. S., Gardner, C. O., Prescott, C. A. (1997). Religion, psychopathology, and substance use and abuse : A multimeasure, genetic-epidemiologic study, American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(3), 322-329.
- Kendler, K. S., Liu, X. Q., Gardner, C. O., McCullough, M. E., Larson, D., Prescott, C. A. (2003). Dimensions of religiosity and their relationship to lifetime psychiatric and substance use disorders, American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(3), 496-503.
- Koenig, H. G. (2007). Religion and remission of depression in medical inpatients with heart failure/pulmonary disease, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(5), 389-395.
- Koenig, H. G. (2008). Concerns About Measuring « Spirituality » in Research, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(5), 349-355.
- Koenig, H. (2009). Research on Religion, Spirituality, and Mental Health : A Review, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(5), 283-291.
- Lawrence, E., Peters, E. (2004). Reasoning in believers in the paranormal, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(11), 727-733.
- Lukoff, D., Lu, F., Turner, R. (1992). Towards a more culturally sensitive DSMIV : Psychoreligious and psychospiritual problems, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180(11), 673-682.
- Maller, J. B., Lundeen, G.E. (1933). Source of superstitious beliefs, Journal of Educational Research, 26(5), 321-343.
- MacDonald, W. L. (1995). The effects of religiosity and structural strain on reported paranormal experiences, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 34 (3), 366-376.
- McCullough, M. E., Willoughby, B. L. B. (2009). Religion, self-regulation, and self-control : Associations, explanations, and implications, Psychological Bulletin, 135(1), 69-93.
- Ng, F (2007). The interface between religion and psychosis, Australasian Psychiatry, 15(1), 62-66.
- O’Toole, R., 1996, Religion in Canada : Its Development and Contemporary Situation, in Beaman, L. G., Religion and Canadian society : traditions, transitions, and innovations, Canadian Scholars’ Press Inc., 7-21.
- Oxman, T. E., Freeman, D. ., Manheimer, E. D. (1995). Lack of social participation or religious strength and comfort as risk factors for death after cardiac surgery in the elderly, Psychosomatic Medicine, 57(1), 5-15.
- Peters, E., Day, S., McKenna, J., Orbach, G. (1999). Delusional ideation in religious and psychotic populations, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(1), 83-96.
- Peters, E., Joseph, S., Day, S., Garety, P. (2004). Measuring delusional ideation : The 21-item PDI Peters et al. Delusions Inventory, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(4), 1005-1022.
- Pierre, J. M. (2001). Faith or delusion ? At the crossroads of religion and psychosis, Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 7(3), 163-172.
- Robbins, K. C. (1997). Magical emasculation, popular anticlericalism, and the limits of the reformation in western France circa 1590, Journal of Social History, 31(1), 61-83.
- Russel, D., Jones, W. H. (1980). When superstition fails : Reactions to disconfirmation of paranormal beliefs, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6(1), 83-88.
- Saroglou, V., Pichon, I., Trompette, L., Verschueren, M., Dernelle, R. (2005). Prosocial Behavior and Religion : New Evidence Based on Projective Measures and Peer Ratings, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44(3), 323-348.
- Schofield, W., Hathaway, S. R., Hastings, D. W., Bell, D. M. (1954). Prognostic factors in schizophrenia, Journal of Consulting Psychology, 18(3), 155-166.
- Siddle, R., Haddock, G., Tarrier, N., Faragher, E. B. (2002). Religious delusions in patients admitted to hospital with schizophrenia, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37(3), 130-138.
- Smith, T. B., McCullough, M. E., Poll, J. P. (2003). Religiousness and depression : evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events, Psychological Bulletin, 129(4), 614-636.
- Special Eurobarometer (2005). TNS Opinion and Social, 225, Wave 63.1.
- Strauss, J. S. (1969). Hallucinations and delusions as points on continua function. Rating scale evidence, Archives of General Psychiatry, 21(5), 581-586.
- Strawbridge, W .J., Cohen, R. D., Shema, S. J., Kaplan, G. A. (1997). Frequent attendance at religious services and mortality over 28 years, American Journal of Public Health, 87(6), 957-961.
- Swenson, D. S. (1999). Society, Spirituality, and the Sacred : A Social Scientific Introduction, Broadview Press, Ontario, Canada.
- Tart, C. (1983). Transpersonal psychoklies, El Cerrito, CA : Psychological Processes Inc.
- Tobacyk, J., Milford, G. (1983). Belief in paranormal phenomena : Assessment instrument development and implications for personality functioning, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(5), 1029-1037.
- Turner, R. P., Lukoff, D., Barnhouse, R. T., Lu, F. G. (1995). A Culturally Sensitive Diagnostic Category in the DSM-IV, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 183(7), 435-444.
- Van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R. V., Ravelli, A. (2000). Strauss (1969) revisited : a psychosis continuum in the general population ?, Schizophrenia Research, 45(1-2), 11-20.
- Vaughan, F., (1991). Spiritual issues in psychotherapy, Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 23, 105-119.
- Wain, O., Spinella, M. (2007). Executive functions in morality, religion, and paranormal beliefs, International Journal of Neuroscience, 117(1) 135-146.
- Zebb, B. J., Moore, M. C. (2003). Superstitiousness and perceived anxiety control as predictors of psychological distress, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(1), 115-130.
- Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Rye, M. S., Butter, E. M., Belavich, T. G., Hipp, K. M., Scott, A. B., Kadar, J. L. (1997). Religion and Spirituality : Unfuzzying the Fuzzy, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36(4) 549-564.