Abstracts
Résumé
L’usage à risque de la benzodiazépine (BZD), fréquent chez les aînés, est un problème souvent sous-estimé. Cet article présente une recension des écrits qui explore ce profil de consommation problématique sur les plans biologique, psychologique et environnemental. Les auteurs constatent qu’il y un manque de consensus et de validité quant à la description du phénomène. Ils discutent de certains facteurs qui contribuent à l’usage à risque des BZD chez les aînés : des habitudes de prescriptions et des attitudes parfois laxistes des médecins ; les attitudes des aînés envers la maladie mentale et la façon dont se manifestent leurs symptômes ; les difficultés dans l’évaluation de l’anxiété et de la dépression des aînés. En conclusion, les auteurs proposent que la recherche s’intéresse à des méthodes intégratives pour l’évaluation de l’usage à risque de la BZD chez les aînés.
Abstract
Inappropriate benzodiazepine use among the elderly is a common and frequently underestimated problem. The present literature review explores benzodiazepine abuse in this population from a biological, psychological, and environmental perspective. A further objective is the identification of intervention strategies for addressing this problem. The scientific literature reveals a lack of consensus and validity concerning the description of BZD abuse. The prescription practices and somewhat lax attitudes of doctors working with the elderly contribute substantially to the lack of acknowledgement of the magnitude of this problem. Complications specific to the elderly, such as attitudes toward mental illness and differential manifestation of distress, are discussed. Difficulties related to the evaluation of anxiety and depression in elderly patients, have also been identified to contribute too many cases of BZD abuse. In conclusion, it is proposed that research in this area investigate integrative methods for evaluating BZD abuse in the elderly.
Resumen
El empleo arriesgado de la benzodiacepina (BZD), común en los ancianos, es un problema con frecuencia subestimado. Este artículo presenta una recensión de los textos que exploran este perfil de consumo problemático en el plano biológico, psicológico y medioambiental. Los autores constatan que hay una carencia de consenso y validez en cuanto a la descripción del fenómeno. Discuten ciertos factores que contribuyen al uso arriesgado de las BZD en los ancianos: los hábitos de prescripción y las actitudes en ocasiones laxistas de los médicos; las actitudes de los ancianos para con la enfermedad mental y la forma en que manifiestan sus síntomas; las dificultades en la evaluación de la ansiedad y la depresión en los ancianos. En conclusión, los autores proponen que la investigación se interese en métodos integrativos para la evaluación del uso arriesgado de la BZD en los ancianos.
Resumo
O uso arriscado da benzodiazepina (BZD), comum nas pessoas idosas, é um problema subestimado com frequência. Este artigo apresenta uma recensão da literatura que explora este perfil de consumo problemático nos planos biológico, psicológico e ambiental. Os autores constatam que há uma falta de consenso e de validade quanto à descrição do fenômeno. Eles discutem sobre alguns fatores que contribuem para o uso arriscado das BZD nas pessoas idosas: hábitos de prescrição e atitudes às vezes laxistas dos médicos; atitudes dos idosos com respeito à doença mental e à maneira como se manifestam seus sintomas; dificuldades na avaliação da ansiedade e da depressão nas pessoas idosas. Em conclusão, os autores propõem que a pesquisa se interesse pelos métodos integrativos para a avaliação do uso arriscado das BZD nas pessoas idosas.
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Alfano, C. A., Ginsburg, G. S., Kingery, J. N., 2007, Sleep-related problems among children and adolescents with anxiety disorders, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 2, 224-232. doi : 10.1097/01, chi.0000242233.06011.8e
- Ames, D., 1993, Depressive disorders among elderly people in long-term institutional care, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 27, 3, 379-391, doi : 10.3109/00048679309075793
- Aparasu, R. R., Mort, J. R., Sitzman, S., 1998, Psychotropic prescribing for the elderly in office-based practice, Clinical Therapeutics, 20, 3, 603-616.
- Aparasu, R. R., Mort, J. R., 2000, Inappropriate prescribing for the elderly : beers criteria-based review, The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 34, 3, 338-346.
- Aparasu, R. R., Mort, J. R., 2004, Prevalence, correlates, and associated outcomes of potentially inappropriate psychotropic use in the community-dwelling elderly, The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, 2, 2, 102-111.
- Bakey, A. A., Levy, J. K., Fernandez, F., 1998, Diagnosis and management of anxiety in the geriatric patient, Clinical Geriatrics, 6, 10-21.
- Balestrieri, M., Marcon, G., Samani, F., Marini, M., Sessa, E., Gelatti, U., Donato, F., 2005, Mental disorders associated with benzodiazepine use among older primary care attenders : A regional survey, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40, 4, 308-315. doi : 10.1007/s00127-005-0899-9
- Barker, M. J., Greenwood, K. M., Jackson, M., Crowe, S. F., 2004, Cognitive effects of long-term benzodiazepine use : A meta-analysis, CNS Drugs, 18 (1), 37-48. doi : 10.2165/00023210-200418010-00004
- Berg, S., Dellasega, C., 1996, The use of psychoactive medications and cognitive function in older adults, Journal of Aging and Health, 8, 1, 136-149, doi : 10.1177/089826439600800107
- Bisserbe, J. C., 1994, Long term evaluation of treatments of depressive states and anxiety disorders, Therapy, 49, 251-260.
- Blazer, D., 1982, The epidemiology of late life depression, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 30, 587-592.
- Brink, T. L., 1994, The need for qualitative research on mental health of elder Hispanics, International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 38, 3, 279-291.
- Bogunovic, O. J., Greenfield, S. F., Goldstein, M. Z., 2004, Use of benzodiazepines among elderly patients, Psychiatric Services, 55, 3, 233-235, doi : 10.1176/appi. ps.55.3.233
- Cappeliez, P., Landreville, P., Vézina, J., 2000, Psychologie clinique de la personne âgée, Les presses de l’Université d’Ottawa.
- Cook, J. M., Marshall, R., Masci, C., Coyne, J. C., 2007, Physicians’ perspectives on prescribing benzodiazepines for older adults : a qualitative study, Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22, 3, 303-307.
- Cumming, R. G., Le Couteur, D. G., 2003, Benzodiazepines and risk of hip fractures in older people : A review of the evidence, CNS Drugs, 17, 11, 825-837, doi : 10.2165/00023210-200317110-00004
- Dada, F., Sethi, S., Grossberg, G. T., 2001, Generalized anxiety disorder in the elderly, Psychiatric Clinics of North America. Special Issue : Generalized anxiety disorder, 24, 1, 155-164, doi : 10.1016/s0193-953x (05) 70211-2
- Egan, M., Moride, Y., Wolfson, C., Monette, J., 2000, Long term continuous use of benzodiazepines by older adults in Quebec : Prevalence, incidence and risk factors, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48, 7, 811-816.
- Farage, M. A., Miller K. W., Berardesca, E., Maibach H. I., 2008, Psychosocial and societal burden of incontinence in the aged population : a review, Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 277, 285-90, doi 10.1007/s00404-007-0505-3
- Fick, D. M., Cooper, J. W., Wade, W. E., Waller, J. L., Maclean, J. R., Beers, M. H., 2003, Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults : results of a US consensus panel of experts, Archives of Internal Medicine, 163, 22, 2716-2724.
- Finlayson, R. E., 1995, Misuse of prescription drugs, International Journal of the Addictions, 30, 1871-1901.
- Fortin, D., Préville, M., Ducharme, C., Hébert, R., Allard, J., Grégoire, J.-P., Bérard, A., 2005, Facteurs associés à la consommation de courte et de longue durée des benzodiazépines chez les personnes âgées du Québec, Canadian Journal on Aging, 24, 2, 103-114. doi : 10.1353/cja.2005.0062
- Fremont, P., 1999, L’utilisation des psychotropes chez le sujet âgé : trop ou trop peu, La Presse médicale, 28, 32, 1794-1799.
- Fuentes, K., Cox, B. J., 1997, Prevalence of anxiety disorders in elderly adults : A critical analysis, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 28, 4, 269-279, doi : 10.1016/s0005-7916 (97) 00025-6
- Garnier, C., Marinacci, L., 2001, Les représentations de la prescription des médecins surprescripteurs et non surprescripteurs, Revue québécoise de psychologie, 22, 2, 183-199.
- Gibson, G., Timlin, A., Curran, S., Wattis, J., 2004, The scope for qualitative methods in research and clinical trials in dementia, Age and Ageing, 33, 4, 422-426.
- Golden, A. G., Preston, R. A., Barnett, S. D., Llorente, M., Hamdan, K., Silverman, M. A., 1999, Inappropriate medication prescribing in homebound older adults, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47, 948-953.
- Granados Menéndez, M. I., Salinero Fort, M. A., Palomo Ancillo, M., Aliaga Gutiérrez, L., García Escalonilla, C., Ortega Orcos, R., 2006, Appropriate use of benzodiazepines zolpidem and zopiclone in diseases attended in primary care, Atencion primaria/Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria, 38, 3, 159-164.
- Gray, S. L., Lacroix, A. Z., Hanlon, J. T., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Blough, D. K., Leveille, S. G., Buchner, D. M., 2006, Benzodiazepine use and physical disability in community-dwelling older adults, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54, 2, 224-230. doi : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00571.x
- Grenier, S., Préville, M., Boyer, R., O’connor, K., 2009, Prevalence and correlates of obsessive — compulsive disorder among older adults living in the community, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 7, 858-865. doi : 10.1016/j. janxdis.2009.04.005
- Grenier, S., Préville, M., Boyer, R., O’connor, K., Béland, S. G., Potvin, O., 2009, Scientific committee of the ESA Study, The impact of DSM-IV symptom and clinical significance criteria on the prevalence estimates of subthreshold and threshold anxiety in the older adult population, manuscript submitted for publication.
- Helmer, C., Montagnier, D., Pérès, K., 2004, Descriptive epidemiology and risk factors of depression in the elderly, Psychologie et neuropsychiatrie du vieillissement, 2, 1, S7-12.
- Hoffmann, F., Glaeske, G., 2006, New use of benzodiazepines and the risk of hip fracture : A case-crossover study, Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie : Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 39, 2, 143-148.
- Holroyd, S., Duryee, J. J., 1997, Differences in geriatric psychiatry outpatients with early- vs late-onset depression, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 11, 1100-1106. doi : 10.1002/(sici) 1099-1166 (199711) 12:11 < 1100: : aid-gps691 > 3.0.co ; 2-5
- Kurzthaler, I., Wambacher, M., Golser, K., Sperner, G., Sperner-Unterweger, B., Haidekker, A., Fleischhacker, W. W., 2005a, Alcohol and benzodiazepines in falls : An epidemiological view, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 79, 2, 225-230. doi : 10.1016/j. drugalcdep.2005.01.012
- Kurzthaler, I., Wambacher, M., Golser, K., Sperner, G., Sperner-Unterweger, B., Haidekker, A., Fleischhacker, W. W., 2005b, Alcohol and/or benzodiazepine use : Different accidents--different impacts ?, Human Psychopharmacology : Clinical and Experimental, 20, 8, 583-589. doi : 10.1002/hup.736
- Lader, M. H., 1999, Limitations on the use of benzodiazepines in anxiety and insomnia : are they justified ? European neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 9 (Suppl 6), S399-405, doi : 10.1016/S0924-977X (99) 00051-6
- Landi, F., Onder, G., Cesari, M., Barillaro, C., Russo, A., Bernabei, R., 2005, Psychotropic medications and risk for falls among community-dwelling frail older people : An observational study, The Journals of Gerontology : Series A : Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 60A, 5, 622-626.
- Legters, K., 2002, Fear of falling, Physical Therapy, 82, 3, 264-272.
- Lenze, E. J., Mulsant, B. H., Shear, M. K., Schulberg, H. C., Dew, M. A., Begley, A. E.,…Reynolds, C. F., 2000, Comorbid anxiety disorders in depressed elderly patients, The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 5, 722-728, doi : 10.1176/appi. ajp.157.5.722
- Lieff, J. D., 1982, Eight reasons why doctors fear the elderly, chronic illness, and death, Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 14, 1, 47-60.
- Luijendijk, H. J., Tiemeier, H., Hofman, A., Heeringa, J., Stricker, B. H. C., 2008, Determinants of chronic benzodiazepine use in the elderly : a longitudinal study, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 65, 593-599.
- Mallin, R., Slott, K., Tumblin, M., Hunter, M., 2002, Detection of substance use disorders in patients presenting with depression, Substance Abuse, 23, 2, 115-120. doi : 10.1023/a : 1015391323164
- McLeod, P. J., Huang, A. R., Tamblyn R., M., Gayton, D. C., 1997, Defining inappropriate practices in prescribing for elderly people : a national consensus panel, Journal de l’Association médicale canadienne, 156, 385-391.
- Michael, T., Zetsche, U., Margraf, J., 2007, Epidemiology of anxiety disorders, Psychiatry, 6, 4, 136-142.
- Morgan, K., Dallosso, H., Ebrahim, S., 1988, Prevalence, frequency and duration of hypnotic drug use among the elderly living at home, British Medical Journal, 296, 601-602.
- Mulsant, B. H., Ganguli, M., 1999, Epidemiology and diagnosis of depression in late life, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60 (Suppl 20), 9-15.
- Neutel, C. I., 2005, The epidemiology of long-term benzodiazepine use, International Review of Psychiatry. Special Issue : Psychotropic drug epidemiology and everyday clinical practice, 17, 3, 189-197, doi : 10.1080/09540260500071863
- Nirodi, A., Mitchell, J., 2002, The quality of psychotropic drug prescribing in patients in psychiatric units for the elderly, Aging and Mental Health, 6, 2, 191-196, doi : 10.1080/13607860220126817
- Nurmi-Lüthje, I., Kaukonen, J.-P., Lüthje, P., Naboulsi, H., Tanninen, S., Kataja, M., Leppilampi, M., 2006, Use of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-related drugs among 223 patients with an acute hip fracture in Finland : Comparison of benzodiazepine findings in medical records and laboratory assays, Drugs and Aging, 23, 1, 27-37.
- Paille, F., 2004, Over-consumption of drugs by elderly patients, Thérapie, 59, 2, 215-222.
- Parmelee, P. A., Lawton, M. P., Katz, I. R., 1998, The structure of depression among elderly institution residents : Affective and somatic correlates of physical frailty, The Journals of Gerontology : Series A : Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 53A, 2, M155-M162.
- Paterniti, S., Bisserbe, J. C., Alpérovitch, A., 1998, Psychotropic drugs, anxiety and depression in the elderly population EVA study, Revue d’épidémiologie et de santé publique, 46, 253-262.
- Pélissolo, A., Maniere, F., Boutges, B., Allouche, M., Richard-Berthe, C., Corruble, E., 2007, Anxiety and depressive disorders in 4,425 long term benzodiazepine users in general practice, L’Encéphale, 33, 1, 32-38.
- Pérodeau, G., Cappeliez, P., 2007, Qualité de vie et consommation de benzodiazépines par des personnes âgées vivant au sein de la collectivité : Une perspective selon le stress et les stratégies d’adaptation./Quality of life and benzodiazepine drug use by community-dwelling elderly : A stress and coping perspective, European Review of Applied Psychology/Revue européenne de psychologie appliquée, 57, 3, 193-200, doi : 10.1016/j. erap.2005.01.001
- Petrovic, M., Mariman, A., Warie, H., Afschrift, M., Pevernagie, D., 2003, Is there a rationale for prescription of benzodiazepines in the elderly ? Review of the literature, Acta clinica Belgica, 58, 1, 27-36.
- Rangaraj, J., Pelissolo, A., 2006, Anxiety disorders in the elderly : Clinical and therapeutic aspects, Psychologie et neuropsychiatrie du vieillissement, 4, 3, 179-187.
- Regier, D. A., Narrow, W. E., Rae, D. S., 1990, The epidemiology of anxiety disorders : The Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) experience, Journal of Psychiatric Research, 24 (Suppl 2), 3-14, doi : 10.1016/0022-3956 (90) 90031-k
- Sadek, N., Bona, J., 2000, Subsyndromal symptomatic depression : a new concept, Depression and Anxiety, 12, 1, 30-39.
- Sahr, N., 1999, Assessment and diagnosis of elderly depression, Clinical Excellence for Nurse Practitioners, 3, 3, 158-164.
- Salzman, C., Lebowitz, B. D., 1991, Anxiety in the Elderly : Treatment and Research, Springer Publishing Co, New York.
- Schweizer, E. Case, G. W., Rickels, K., 1989, Benzodiazepine dependence and withdrawal in the elderly patients, American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 529-531.
- Streiner, D. L., Cairney, J., Veldhuizen, S., 2006, The epidemiology of psychological problems in the elderly : Erratum, The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 51, 404.
- Svarstad, B. L., Mount, J. K., 2002, Effects of residents’ depression, sleep, and demand for medication on benzodiazepine use in nursing homes, Psychiatric Services, 53, 9, 1159-1165, doi : 10.1176/appi. ps.53.9.1159
- Tamblyn, R. M., Mcleod, P. J., Abrahamowicz, M., Monette, J., Gayton, D. C., Berkson, Snell, L. S., 1994, Questionable prescribing for elderly patients in Quebec, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 150, 180-1809.
- Van Steveninck, A. L., Wallnofer, A. E., Schoemaker, R. C., Pieters, M. S., Danhof, M., Van Gerven, J. M., Cohen, A. F., 1997, A study of the effects of long-term use on individual sensitivity to temazepam and lorazepam in a clinical population, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 44, 267 – 275.
- Vézina, J., Cappeliez, P., Landreville, P., 2007, Psychologie gérontologique (2e éd.), Gaëtan Morin, Montréal.
- Voyer, P., Mccubbin, M., Cohen, D., Lauzon, S., Collin, J., Boivin, C., 2004, Unconventional indicators of drug dependence among elderly long-term users of benzodiazepines, Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 25, 6, 603-628, doi : 10.1080/01612840490472138
- Whitcup, S. M., Miller, F., 1987, Unrecognized drug dependence in psychiatrically hospitalized elderly patients, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 35, 4, 297-301.
- Zung, W. W., 1986, Prevalence of clinically significant anxiety in a family practice setting, The American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 11, 1471-1472.