Abstracts
Résumé
Au Québec comme ailleurs en Amérique, la désinstitutionalisation, le manque de ressources et de services communautaires de santé mentale de même que les changements législatifs ont contribué à une augmentation des probabilités que des personnes atteintes de troubles de santé mentale aient des démêlés avec la justice. Les Tribunaux de santé mentale constituent une forme de déjudiciarisation, basée sur des principes de jurisprudence thérapeutique, qui prend forme au coeur des activités de la Cour. Cet article présente une synthèse critique de la littérature scientifique sur le sujet. Les auteurs exposent d’abord le contexte psycho-légal dans lequel ont émergé les Tribunaux de santé mentale puis décrivent le fonctionnement et les objectifs de ces entités judiciaires. L’article décrit ensuite le Plan d’Accompagnement Justice et Santé Mentale (PAJ-SM), le premier projet pilote de tribunal de santé mentale à Montréal, et le premier en son genre au Québec. On examine ensuite les études d’efficacité de ces institutions et les enjeux des programmes de déjudiciarisation. Les défis et les limites inhérents aux tribunaux spécialisés et la recherche qui les concerne sont discutés, ainsi que certaines alternatives tant au niveau de l’intervention que des méthodes de recherche. Les auteurs concluent que si les Tribunaux de santé mentale offrent des pistes prometteuses, ils ne constituent pas une panacée aux problèmes complexes situés à l’interface de la santé mentale et de la justice. Ces initiatives ne devraient pas occulter les autres mesures de déjudiciarisation en amont, ni la question centrale de l’accès aux services de santé mentale et de leur adéquation aux besoins des diverses clientèles.
Abstract
In Québec, as elsewhere in North America, psychiatric deinstitutionalization, lack of community mental health resources as well as legislative changes to civil and criminal codes have led to an increased probability that individuals with a mental illness come into contact with the criminal justice system. Based on the principle of therapeutic jurisprudence, mental health courts constitute emerging diversion programs, taking place within the court, implemented to offer an alternative to incarceration for individuals with a mental illness. This article offers a critical synthesis of the scientific literature on the topic. The authors first present the context in which mental health courts were developed ; describe their objectives and functioning ; and introduce the Montreal Mental Health Court pilot project, renamed PAJ-SM (Plan d’Accompagnement Justice et Santé) the first of its kind in Québec. The paper examines the research on mental health courts and tackles some of the stakes of diversion programs. The challenges and limits inherent to specialized courts are discussed as well as methodological obstacles related to the study of these complex intervention programs. The authors conclude that mental health courts offer promising intervention venues, but that they do not constitute a panacea to resolving all issues related to the contact of mentally ill individuals with the justice system. Mental health courts must be accompanied by other intervention strategies for persons with mental health problems at all stages of the criminal justice process.
Resumen
En Quebec, como en otras partes de América, la desinstitucionalización, la falta de recursos y de servicios comunitarios de salud mental así como los cambios legislativos han contribuido al aumento en las probabilidades de que las personas con trastornos mentales tengan altercados con la justicia. Basados en los principios de jurisprudencia terapéutica, los tribunales de salud mental constituyen un tipo de programa de desjudicialización emergente puesto en marcha con el propósito de ofrecer alternativas al encarcelamiento de estas personas. Este artículo presenta una síntesis crítica de la literatura científica sobre el tema. Los autores exponen primero el contexto psicolegal en el que han surgido estas entidades judiciales, describen su funcionamiento y sus objetivos y esbozan el cuadro del proyecto piloto del Tribunal de Salud Mental de Montreal, el primero en su género en Quebec. El artículo examina los estudios de eficacia de estas instituciones y aborda las cuestiones de los programas de desjudicialización. Se discuten los retos y los límites inherentes a los tribunales especializados y las investigaciones que les conciernen, así como ciertas alternativas tanto a nivel de la intervención como de los métodos de investigación. Los autores concluyen que si bien los Tribunales de salud mental ofrecen pistas prometedoras, no constituyen la panacea de los problemas complejos situados en la interfaz de la salud mental y la justicia; deben estar acompañados de otras medidas paralelas al proceso judicial para responder a las necesidades de las personas con problemas de salud mental.
Resumo
No Quebec, como em outras regiões na América, a desinstitucionalização, a falta de recursos e de serviços comunitários de saúde mental, além das mudanças legislativas contribuíram para um aumento das probabilidades que as pessoas que sofrem transtornos mentais tenham problemas com a justiça. Baseado em princípios de jurisprudência terapêutica, os tribunais de saúde mental constituem um tipo de programa de desjudiciarização emergente criado com o objetivo de oferecer alternativas ao encarceramento destas pessoas. Este artigo apresenta uma síntese crítica da literatura científica sobre o assunto. Os autores expõem primeiramente o contexto psico-jurídico no qual surgiram estas entidades judiciárias, descrevem seu funcionamento e seus objetivos e mostram um quadro do projeto-piloto do Tribunal da Saúde Mental de Montreal, primeiro no gênero no Quebec. O artigo examina os estudos de eficácia destas instituições e tratam dos desafios dos programas de desjudiciarização. Os desafios e os limites inerentes aos tribunais especializados e a pesquisa que os interessa são discutidos, assim como algumas alternativas tanto ao nível da intervenção quanto aos métodos de pesquisa. Os autores concluem que se os tribunais de saúde mental oferecem pistas promissoras, eles não constituem uma panacéia aos problemas complexos situados na interface da saúde mental e da justiça; eles devem ser acompanhados por outras medidas paralelamente ao processo judiciário para responder às necessidades das pessoas que sofrem problemas de saúde mental.
Appendices
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