Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article examine le statut des personnes souffrant de troubles mentaux à la lumière des instruments internationaux en matière de droits humains et évalue si les droits de ces personnes sont respectés dans le contexte canadien. Les auteurs estiment que bien que les systèmes de pays tels que le Canada garantissent des protections civiles et constitutionnelles significatives à l’ensemble de leurs citoyens, incluant ceux qui souffrent de troubles mentaux, il en est bien autrement au chapitre de l’accès aux services sociaux. Les auteurs discutent de la nécessité de corriger cette lacune. Enfin, ils estiment qu’il faut surveiller de près l’apparente dissonance entre les droits internationalement reconnus à des soins adéquats et à la protection contre la discrimination, et leur application restreinte en contexte canadien.
Abstract
This article surveys the status of people with mental disorders in the light of international human rights law and assesses if their rights are respected in the Canadian context. The authors recognize that although the national systems of countries such as Canada provide significant civil and constitutional protections on the positive rights of its citizens, including those who suffer from intellectual disability, the same cannot be said with respect to entitlements to the provision of social services. The authors argue that this shortcoming must be remedied. Finally, the authors conclude that it is paramount to closely monitor the apparent dissonance between internationally recognized rights to adequate healthcare and freedom from discrimination and their strict application in the Canadian context.
Resumen
Este artículo examina el estado de las personas que sufren trastornos mentales, en relación con los instrumentos internacionales en materia de derechos humanos, y evalúa si los derechos de estas personas son respetados en el contexto canadiense. Los autores estiman que, aunque los sistemas de países como Canadá garantizan la protección civil y constitucional significativa de todos sus ciudadanos, incluyendo a aquellos que sufren de trastornos mentales, es muy diferente en cuanto al acceso a los servicios sociales. Los autores discuten la necesidad de corregir esta laguna. Finalmente, estiman que es necesario vigilar la aparente disonancia entre los derechos internacionalmente reconocidos, al cuidado adecuado y a la protección contra la discriminación, y su aplicación restringida en el contexto canadiense.
Resumo
Este artigo examina o estatuto das pessoas que sofrem de transtornos mentais à luz dos instrumentos internacionais em matéria de direitos humanos e avalia se os direitos destas pessoas são respeitados no contexto canadense. Os autores acreditam que, apesar dos sistemas de países, como o Canadá, garantirem proteções civis e constitucionais significativas a seus cidadãos, incluindo os que sofrem de transtornos mentais, não é bem assim no capítulo do acesso aos serviços sociais. Os autores discutem a necessidade de corrigir esta lacuna. Finalmente, eles acreditam que é necessário observar de perto a aparente dissonância entre os direitos, internacionalmente reconhecidos, aos cuidados adequados e à proteção contra a discriminação, e sua aplicação limitada no contexto canadense.
Appendices
Références
- Appelbaum, P., 1997, Almost a revolution: An international perspective on the law of involuntary commitment, Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 25, 135-147.
- Arbour, L., Statement by Ms. Louise Arbour, High Commissioner for Human Rights to the Open-Ended Working Group established by the Commission on Human Rights to consider options regarding the elaboration of an optional protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, available online at http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane. nsf/0/ECAE2629449C1EBCC1256F8C0035047D?opendocument.
- Arboleda-Flórez, J., Weisstub, D. N., 1997, Epidemiological research with vulnerable populations, Acta Psychiatrica Belgica, 97,125-165.
- Arboleda-Flórez, J., 2003, Considerations on the stigma of mental illness, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 645-650.
- Arboleda-Flórez, J., 2005, Forensic psychiatry: Two masters, one ethics, Die Psychiatrie, 2, 153-157.
- Bell, S., 2003, Rights Issues in Compulsory Community Treatment in Involuntary Detention and Therapeutic Jurisprudence: International Perspectives on Civil Commitment, Burlington, Ashgate.
- Brant, S., 2005, Stultifera Navis, 1497 Retrieved December 14, 2005 from http://www.spamula.net/blog/archives/000429.html .
- Byrne, P., 1998, Fall and rise of the movie “ psycho-killer ”, Psychiatric Bulletin, 22, 174-176.
- Crocker, J., Major, B., Steele, C., 1998, Social stigma, in Gilbert, D., Fiske, S., Lindzey, G., eds., Handbook of Social Psychology, 4th ed., vol. 2, Boston, McGraw-Hill.
- Durham, M., LaFond, J., 1985, The empirical consequences and policy implications of broadening the statutory criteria for civil commitment, Yale Law and Policy Review, 3, 395-446.
- Dómer, K., 1974, Ciudadanos y locos (transl. Taurus), Frankfurt, Bürger und Irre.
- Farmer, P., 1999, Pathologies of power: Rethinking health and human rights, American Journal of Public Health, 89, 10, 1486-1496.
- Foucault, M., 1988, Madness and Civilization (trans. Richard Howard), New York, Vintage Books.
- Gracia, D., Lázaro, J., 1992, Historia de la psiquiatria, in J. Ayuso Gutierrez, L. Carulla, eds., Manual de Psiquiatria, Bogotá, Interamericana-McGraw-Hill.
- Gray, J., O’Reilly, R., 2006, Canadian approaches to mandatory community treatment, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, in press.
- Gostin, L. O., Gable, L., 2004, The human rights of persons with mental disabilities: A global perspective on the application of human rights principles to mental health, Maryland Law Review, 20, 63.
- Häfner, H., 1991, The concept of mental illness, in Seva, A., ed., The European Handbook of Psychiatry and Mental Health. Barcelona, Editorial Anthropos.
- Hirschl, R., 2000, “ Negative ” rights vs. “ positive ” entitlements: A comparative study of judicial interpretations of rights in an emerging neo-liberal economic order, Human Rights Quarterly, 22, 1060.
- Kelly, B. D., 2005, Structural violence and schizophrenia, Social Science and Medicine, 61, 724-730.
- Kindred, H. M., et al., 1993, International Law: Chiefly as Interpreted and Applied in Canada (5th ed.), Toronto, Emond Montgomery.
- Kinney, E. D., 2001, The international human right to health: What does this mean for our nation and world? Indiana Law Review, 34, 1457-1475.
- Konrad, N., 2002, Prisons as new hospitals, Current Opinion Psychiatry, 15, 583-587.
- Laing, R., 1971, Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry, London, Tavistock Publications.
- Ontario Consent and Capacity Legislation, 1998, Aurora, Canada Law Book Inc.
- Pinel, P., 1988, Tratado Medico-filosófico de la enajenacion mental o mania (1801), Madrid, Editorial Nueva.
- Steadman, H., Cocozza, J., 1978, Selective reporting and the public misconceptions of the criminally insane, Public Opinion Quarterly, 41, 523-533.
- Stuart, H., Arboleda-Flórez, J., 2001, Community attitudes toward people with schizophrenia, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46, 3, 55-61.
- Vives, J. L., 1980, De Anima – Antologia de Textos de Juan Luis Vives (trans. F. Tortosa), Vanencia, Universitat de Valencia.
- Weisstub, D., 1985, Le droit et la psychiatrie dans leur problématique commune, McGill Law Journal, 30, 221-265.
- Baker v. Canada (Minister of Immigration), [1999] 2 S.C.R. 817.
- Bese v. British Columbia (Forensic Psychiatric Institute), [1999] 2 S.C.R. 722.
- C.B. v. Sawadsky, [2005] O.J., No. 3682.
- Chaoulli v. Quebec (Attorney General), [2005] 1 S.C.R. 791.
- E. (Mrs.) v. Eve, [1986] 2 S.C.R. 388.
- Gosselin v. Quebec (Attorney General), [2002] 4 S.C.R. 429.
- R. v. Demers, [2004] 2 S.C.R. 489.
- R. v. Lepage, [1999] 2 S.C.R. 744.
- Starson v. Swayze, [2003] 1 S.C.R. 722.
- R. v. Swain, [1991] 1 S.C.R. 933.
- Winko v. B.C. (Forensic Psychiatric Institute), [1999] 2 S.C.R. 625.
- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 7, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (U.K.), 1982, c. 11.
- Health Care Consent Act, 1996, S.O. 1996, c. 2, Schedule A.
- Mental Health Act, R.S.O. 1990, ch. M-7
- Mental Health Act, R.S.S. 1978, c. M-13
- Criminal Code of Canada, R.S. 1985 c. C-46
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 19 December 1966, 9999 U.N.T.S. 171, arts. 9-14, Can T.S. 1976 No. 47, 6 I.L.M. 368 (entered into force March 1976, accession by Canada 19 May 1976)
- International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966, 2200A U.N.T.S.
- Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and for the Improvement of Mental Healthcare, GA Res. 46/119, UN GAOR, 46th Sess., (1991) 188.
- Loi sur les aliénés no 7443 du 30 juin, 1838, J.O., 6 July 1838.