Abstracts
Résumé
L’insomnie constitue un problème de santé très répandu menant souvent à l’utilisation d’hypnotiques. Parmi les agents pharmacologiques disponibles pour traiter l’insomnie, les benzodiazépines (BZD) sont les plus prescrites. Bien qu’efficaces pour améliorer le sommeil à court terme, les BZD présentent certains effets indésirables, entraînent des risques de tolérance et de dépendance, et augmentent le risque d’accidents de la route, de chutes et de fractures chez les personnes âgées. Le traitement cognitivo-comportemental (TCC) de l’insomnie, qui met l’accent sur les facteurs psychologiques et comportementaux jouant un rôle dans le maintien des difficultés de sommeil, est efficace pour améliorer le sommeil des personnes aux prises avec un trouble d’insomnie primaire. Il peut représenter une alternative à la pharmacothérapie ou encore être un complément thérapeutique facilitant lors de l’arrêt des hypnotiques. Le TCC de l’insomnie peut inclure différentes composantes, telles que le contrôle par le stimulus, la restriction du sommeil, la relaxation, la restructuration cognitive et l’hygiène du sommeil. Chez les personnes dépendantes aux BZD ou autres hypnotiques, un sevrage supervisé, basé sur l’atteinte d’objectifs successifs, s’ajoute généralement au TCC de l’insomnie.
Abstract
Insomnia is a widespread health problem that often leads to the use of hypnotic medication. Among the available pharmacological agents to treat insomnia, benzodiazepines (BZD) present some undesirable effects, entailing risks of tolerance and dependence, and increased risk of automobile accidents, falls and fractures in the elderly. Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) of insomnia, which focuses on psychological and behavioral factors that play a role in maintaining sleep-related problems, is efficient to improve sleep in the elderly who suffer from primary insomnia. This treatment may represent an alternative to pharmacotherapy or again be complementary during discontinuation of hypnotic medication. The CBT of insomnia may include different components such as stimulus control, sleep restriction, relaxation, cognitive restructuring and sleep hygiene. For people who are dependent to BZD or other hypnotic medication, a supervised tapering based on attaining successive objectives is generally added to the CBT of insomnia.
Resumen
El insomnio constituye un problema de salud muy extendido que frecuentemente conduce a la utilización de somníferos. Entre los agentes farmacológicos disponibles para tratar el insomnio, las benzodiacepinas (BDZ) son las que más se prescriben. Aunque eficaces para el mejoramiento del sueño a corto plazo, las BZD presentan algunos efectos indeseables, acarrean riesgos de tolerancia y dependencia y aumentan el riesgo de accidentes automovilísticos, de caídas y fracturas en las personas de edad avanzada. El tratamiento cognitivo-comportamental (TCC) del insomnio, que pone éfasis en los factores psicológicos y comportamentales que desempeñan un papel en el mantenimiento de las dificultades para dormir, es eficaz para mejorar el sueño de las personas que luchan contra un problema de insomnio primario. Puede representar una alternativa a la farmacoterapia o incluso ser un complemento terapéutico que facilite la suspensión de los somníferos. El TCC del insomnio puede incluir diferentes componentes, tales como el control por medio del estímulo, la restricción del sueño, la relajación, la reestructuración cognitiva y la higiene del sueño. En las personas dependientes de las BZD u otros somníferos, la abstinencia supervisada, basada en alcanzar los objetivos sucesivos, se suma generalmente al TCC del insomnio.
Resumo
A insônia é um problema de saúde muito comum, que leva quase sempre à utilização de soníferos. Entre os agentes farmacológicos disponíveis para tratar a insônia, os mais prescritos são os benzodiazepínicos (BZD). Apesar de eficazes para melhorar o sono a curto prazo, os BZD apresentam alguns efeitos indesejáveis, apresentam riscos de intolerância e dependência, e aumentam o risco de acidentes de carro, tombos e fraturas em pessoas idosas. O tratamento cognitivo-comportamental (TCC) da insônia, que evidencia os fatores psicológicos e comportamentais que atuam na manutenção das dificuldades em dormir, é eficaz para melhorar o sono nas pessoas que têm problemas de insônia primários. Ele pode representar uma alternativa à farmacoterapia ou ainda ser um complemento terapêutico que facilita a interrupção no uso de soníferos. O TCC da insônia pode incluir diferentes compostos, como o controle pelo estímulo, a restrição do sono, o relaxamento, a reestruturação cognitiva e a higiene do sono. Em algumas pessoas dependentes dos BZD ou outros soníferos, a desabituação supervisionada, baseada no alcance dos objetivos sucessivos, é em geral acrescentada ao TCC da insônia.
Appendices
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