Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article présente dans un premier temps, le contexte dans lequel se situent les orientations ministérielles en matière de mesures de contrôle en psychiatrie telles la contention et l’isolement. Les auteurs exposent les connaissances concernant l’utilisation et la réduction des mesures et proposent trois perspectives pour en guider la réduction et l’élimination. La première perspective est orientée vers le contrôle de l’agir violent, la seconde, guidée par une meilleure compréhension de l’expérience vécue par les acteurs impliqués dans l’agir violent. La troisième perspective proposée par les auteurs est dirigée vers l’intégration du traumatisme comme expérience et prend en compte les différentes dimensions du cycle de la violence auquel contribuent les mesures de contrôle. Enfin, les auteurs concluent sur des pistes d’intervention pour réduire, sinon éliminer les mesures de contrôle en psychiatrie.
Abstract
This article first presents the context in which are situated governmental orientations regarding measures of control in psychiatric settings such as restraint and seclusion. The authors expose the knowledge concerning the use and the reduction of measures of control and propose three perspectives to guide their reduction and their elimination. The first perspective is oriented towards the control of the violent behavior, the second, guided by a better understanding of the experience of the actors involved in the violent behavior. The third perspective proposed by the authors is directed towards the integration of the trauma as an experience and takes into account the various dimensions of the cycle of violence to which the measures of control contribute. Finally, the authors propose different ways to reduce, perhaps eliminate measures of control in psychiatry.
Resumen
Este artículo presenta primero el contexto en el que se sitúan las orientaciones ministeriales en materia de medidas de control en psiquiatría. Los autores exponen los conocimientos concernientes a la utilización y la reducción de las medidas y proponen tres perspectivas para guiar la reducción y la eliminación. La primera perspectiva está orientada hacia el control de las acciones violentas, la segunda, guiada a una mejor comprensión de la experiencia vivida por parte de los actores implicados en las acciones violentas. La tercera perspectiva propuesta por los autores está dirigida a la integración del traumatismo como experiencia y toma en cuenta las diferentes dimensiones del ciclo de la violencia al cual contribuyen las medidas de control. Por último, los autores concluyen con las pistas de intervención para reducir, si no es que eliminar, las medidas de control en psiquiatría.
Resumo
Este artigo apresenta primeiramente o contexto no qual situam-se as diretrizes ministeriais sobre as medidas de controle em psiquiatria. Os autores expõem as noções de utilização e de redução das medidas de controle, e propõem três perspectivas para reduzi-las e eliminá-las. A primeira é voltada para o controle das manifestações de violência, a segunda é guiada por uma melhor compreensão da experiência vivenciada pelas pessoas afetadas por essas manifestações. A terceira perspectiva proposta pelos autores é dirigida pela integração do traumatismo como experiência e leva em consideração as diferentes dimensões do ciclo da violência, ao qual as medidas de controle contribuem. Os autores concluem com algumas propostas de atuação para reduzir ou eliminar as medidas de controle em psiquiatria.
Appendices
Références
- AACAP, 2002, Practice Parameter for the prevention and management of aggressive behavior in child and adolescent psychiatric institutions, with special reference to seclusion and restraint, Journal of the Academic Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 2, 4-25.
- A.G.I.D.-D.-S.M.Q., 2000, Isolement et contention : Pour s’en sortir et s’en défaire, actes du colloque international, Montréal.
- Alty, A., 1997, Nurses’s learning experience and expressed opinions regarding seclusion practice within one NHS trust, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25, 786- 793.
- Appelbaum, P., 1997, Almost a revolution : An international perspective on the law of involuntary commitment, Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 25, 135-147.
- Association des hôpitaux du Québec, 2001, L’utilisation judicieuse et sécuritaire de la contention et de l’isolement en milieu psychiatrique, Montréal.
- Association des hôpitaux du Québec, 2000, Cadre de référence : Utilisation de la contention et de l’isolement : une approche intégrée, Montréal.
- Association des hôpitaux du Québec, 1987, Avis au coroner enquêteur concernant l’utilisation de la contention en milieu hospitalier, Montréal.
- Association pour la santé et la sécurité au travail, 1999, Formation Oméga, Cahier du participant, Montréal.
- Astbury, J., 2001, L’état des connaissances, Disparités entre les hommes et les femmes dans le domaine de la santé mentale, 82-104, Organisation mondiale de la santé, 54e Assemblée mondiale de la santé, Santé Mentale, Les ministres appellent à l’action, Genève.
- Bégin, S.,1991, Isolement et contentions : revue de littérature et focus sur leurs impacts et les normes qui les régissent, Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 36, 752-759.
- Bloom, S. L., 2002, Creating Sanctuary, National Technical Assistance Center.
- Bonner, G., Lowe, T., Rawcliffe, D., Wellman, N., 2002, Trauma for all : a pilot study of the subjective experience of physical restraint for mental health inpatients and staff in the UK, Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 9, 465-473.
- Browne, J. S., Tooke, S. K., 1992, On the seclusion of psychiatric patients, Social Science and Medicine, 35, 5, 711-72.
- Burnard, P., 1994, Searching for meaning : a method of analysing interview transcripts with a personal computer, Nurse Education Today, 14, 111-117.
- Capian, T., Holland, R., 1990, Rethinking health education theory, Health Education Journal, 49, 1, 10-12.
- Chabora, N., Judge-Gorny, Groyan, K., 2003, The four S model in action for ee-escalation, Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 41, 1, 22-28.
- Caldwell, M. F., 1994, Applying social constructionism in the treatment of patients who are intractably aggressive, Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 45,6, 597- 600.
- Carmen, E., Rieker, P. P., 1998, Rethinking the use of restraint and seclusion for mentally ill women with abuses histories, JAMWA, 53, 4, 192-197.
- CHSPSY, Rivières-des-Prairies, 1999, Rapport du Comité sur l’isolement et la contention, Montréal.
- Collège des médecins, 1999, Recommandations concernant l’utilisation de l’isolement et de la contention, Montréal.
- Crane, B., Stephan, S., 1997, Strategies for Reducing the Use of Restraint and Seclusion, Outline of a presentation, NARPA Conference, 21 novembre.
- Currier, G.,W., Allen, M., Physical and chemical restraint in the psychiatric emergency service, Psychiatric Services, 51, 6, 717-719.
- Davidson, L., 1997, Vulnérabilité et destin dans la schizophrénie : prêter l’oreille à la voix de la personne, L’Évolution psychiatrique, 62, 2, 263-284.
- Dumont, F. Schittecatte, M., Deleu, G., Wilmotte, J., 1995, Étude rétrospective de la mise sous contention dans une population de patients admis sous le régime de la mise en observation, Acta Psychiatrica, 95, 246-259.
- Friard, D., Leyreloup, A.-M., 1996, Chambre d’isolement et chambres de soins intensifs, Soins et Psychiatrie, 181, 12-13.
- Frueh, B. C., Cusack, K., J., Hiers, T. G., Monogan, S., Cousins, V., Cavenaugh, S., D., 2001, Improving public mental health services for trauma victims in South Carolina, Psychiatric Services, 52, 6, 812-814.
- Frueh, C., Dalton, M., Johnson, M., Hiers, T., Gold, P., Magruder, K., Santos, A., 2000, Trauma within the psychiatric setting : Conceptual framework, Research directions and Policy implications, Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 28, 2, 147-154.
- Johnson, M. E., 1998, Being restrained : a study of power and powerlessness, Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 19, 191-206.
- Gallop, R., McCay, E., Guha, M., Khan, P., 1999, The experience of hospitalization and restraint of women who have a history of childhood sexual abuse, Health Care for Women International, 20, 401-416.
- Gallop. R., Engels, S., DiNunzio, R., Napravanik, S., 1999b, Abused Women’s concerns about safety and the therapeutic environment during psychiatric hospitalization, Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 31, 2, 53-70.
- Goren, S., Abraham, I., Doyle, N., 1996, Reducing violence through planned organisational change, Journal of ACPN, 9, 2, 27-39.
- Gaudrault, A., à paraître, La victimisation secondaire, in Jolivet, D., Lopez, G., Tzitzis, S., dir., Dictionnaire critique des sciences criminelles, Paris, Dalloz.
- Goshn, A.-M., Morin, P., Dorvil, H., à paraître, Sévices sexuels et physiques envers les femmes présentant des troubles sévères de santé mentale et à risque de victimisation secondaire en milieu psychiatrique, Manuscrit soumis pour publication.
- Harris, D., Morrison, E. F., 1995, Managing violence without coercion, Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 9, 95, 203-210.
- Harris, M., Fallot, R. D., 2001, Envisioning a trauma-informed service system : a vital paradigm shift, New Directions for Mental Health Services, 89, 3-21.
- Herman, J. L.,1992, Trauma and Recovery, Basic Books, New York.
- Kempe, R. S., Kempe, C. H., 1984, The Common Secret : Sexual Abuse of Children and Adolescent, Freeman, New York.
- Kow, J., Hogan, D., 2000, Use of physical and chemical restraints in medical teaching units, CMAJ, 162, 339-340.
- Lamarre, S., 2000, De l’utilisation des moyens de contrôle à la création des contextes de respect dans les services psychiatriques, Actes du Colloque Isolement et contention, AGIDD-SMQ, Montréal, 295-306.
- Leblanc, L., Fleury, M., Letarte, L., Pharand, D., 2001, Comment réduire l’utilisation des salles d’isolement en milieu psychiatrique, Santé mentale au Québec, 26, 1, 283-287.
- Lehane, M., Rees, C., 1996, Alternatives to seclusion in psychiatric care, British Journal of Nursing, 5, 16, 975-979.
- LeGris, J. Walters, M., Browne, G., 1999, The impact of seclusion on the treatment outcomes of psychotic in-patients, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 30, 2, 448-459.
- Lendemeijer, B., Shortridge-Barrent, L., 1997, The use of seclusion in psychiatry : A litterature review, Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice, 11,4, 299-315.
- Mason, T., Chandley, M., 1999, Managing Violence and Aggression, Churchill Livingstone, Edingburg.
- McBride, S., 1996, Seclusion versus empowerment : a psychiatric care dilemma, The Canadian Nurse, 92,7, 36-39.
- Meehan, T., Vermeer, C., Windsor, C., 2000, Patients’perceptions of seclusion : a qualitative investigation, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31, 2, 370-377.
- Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux, 2002, Orientations ministérielles relatives à l’utilisation exceptionnelle des mesures de contrôle : contention, isolement et substances chimiques, Québec.
- Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux, 2002, Au féminin… à l’écoute de nos besoins. Objectifs ministériels et stratégie d’action en santé et bien-être des femmes, Québec.
- Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux, 2000, Orientations gouvernementales en matière d’agression sexuelle, sous la responsabilité du Comité interministériel de coordination en matière de violence conjugale, familiale et sexuelle, Québec, Direction des communications.
- Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux, 1998, Plan d’action pour la transformation des services de santé mentale, Québec.
- Mohr, W. K., 1997, Response to the use of seclusion in psychiatry : a litterature review, Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice : an International Journal, 11,4, 317-320.
- Molasiostis, A., 1995, Use of physical restraints 1 : Consequences, British Journal of Nursing, 4, 3, 155-157.
- Morrison, E. F., 1990 a, The tradition of toughness : Psychiatric nursing care by non-professionnal in institutionnal settings, Image, 20, 4, 222-243.
- Morrison, E. F., 1990b, Violent psychiatric patients in a public settings, Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice : An International Journal, 4,1, 65-82.
- Morrison, E. F., 1992, A coercive interactive style as an antecedent to aggression and violence in psychiatric patients, Research in Nursing and Health, 15, 421-431.
- Morrow, M., 2002, Violence and Trauma in the Lives of Women with Serious Mental Illness, Centre d’excellence de la Colombie-Britannique pour la santé des femmes, Vancouver.
- Mueser, K., T., Rosenberg, S., D., Goodman, L., A., Trumbetta, S. L., 2002, Trauma, PTSD, and the course of severe mental illness : an interactive model, Schizophrenia Research, 53, 123-143.
- Muir, C. E., 1996, An investigation into nurses’perceptions of secluding patients on closed psychiatric wards, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 23, 555-563.
- National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors, 1999, Reducing the Use of Seclusion and Restraint : Findings, Strategies and Recommandations, Alexandria, VA.
- National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors, 1999, Reducing the Use of Seclusion and Restraint II : Findings, Principles, Recommandations for Special Needs Populations, Alexandria, VA.
- National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors, 1999, Position Statement on Services and Supports to Trauma Survivors, Alexandria, VA.
- National Technical Assistance Center, 2002, Violence and Coercion in Mental Health Settings : Eliminating the Use of Seclusion and Restraint, Alexandria, VA.
- Nicholls, S., 2001, Treatment or restraint ? Calming a crisis with chemicals, The Journal of Addiction and Mental Health, mars/avril.
- Psychiatric Patient Advocate Office, 2001, Review of Seclusion and Restraint Practices in Ontario Provincial Psychiatric Patients, Toronto.
- Ray, N. K., Myers, K. J., Rappaport, M. E., Patients perspectives on restraint and seclusion experiences : a survey of former patients of New York State Psychiatric Facilities, Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 20, 1, 11-18.
- Rechtman, R., 2002, Être victime : généalogie d’une condition clinique, L’Évolution psychiatrique, 67, 775-795.
- Riffer, N., 2000, De l’isolement et la contention à une communauté d’apprentis, in A.G.I.D.D.-S.M.Q., dir., Actes du Colloque international « Isolement et contention : Pour s’en sortir et s’en défaire, Montréal, 353-356.
- Rogers, E. S., Chamberlain, J., Langer Ellison, Crean, T., 1997, A Consumer-constructed scale to measure empowerment among users of mental health services, Psychiatric Services, 48, 8, 1042-1051.
- Rosenberg, Drake, R., Mueser, K., 1997, New directions for treatment research on sequelae of sexual abuse in persons with severe mental illness, in Harris, M., Landis, C., dir., Sexual Abuse in The Lives of Women Diagnosed with Serious Mental Illness, Overseas Publishers Association, Amsterdam, 259-276.
- Sagduyu, K., Hornstra, R. K., Munro, S., Bruce-Wolfe, V., 1995, A comparison of the restraint and seclusion experiences of patients with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, Missouri Medicine, 92, 6, 303- 307.
- Savage, L., Salib, E.,1999, Seclusion in psychiatry, Nursing Standard, 13, 50, 34-37.
- Silver, S., 1986, An inpatient program for posttraumatic stress disorder : Context as treatment, in Figley, C., dir., Trauma and its Wake, Volume II : Posttraumatic Stress Disorder : Theory, Research, and Treatment, Brunner/Mazel, New York.
- Smith, A. D., Humphreys, M., 1997, Physical restraint of patients in a psychiatric hospital, Med. Sci. Law, 37, 2, 145- 149.
- Smith, S. B., 1995, Restraints : retraumatization for rape victims ? Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 33, 7, 23-28, 40-41.
- Suzuki, A., 1995, The politics and ideology of non-restraint : the case of the Hanwell asylum, Medical History, 39, 1-17.
- Thelot, W., Guimond-Papal, P., 2000, Les contentions physiques et la personne âgée, L’Infirmière canadienne, 96, 2, 36-40.
- Ursin, H., Olff, M., 1995, Aggression, defense, and coping in humans, Aggressive Behavior, 21, 13-19.
- Viselli, H., McNasser, G., 1997, Striving towards a best practice model for a restraint free environment, Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 11, 6, 104.
- Walsh, E., Randell, B. P., 1995, Seclusion and restraint : What we need to know, Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 8, 1, 28-40.
- Wick, J. Y., 1998, Nondrug management of aggression in nursing facilities, The Consultant Pharmacist, 13, suppl. A, 9-16.
- White, D., Jobin, L., McCann, D., Morin, P., 2002, Pour sortir des sentiers battus, L’action intersectorielle en santé mentale, Comité de santé mentale du Québec, Publications officielles du Québec.
- Whittington, R., 1997, Violence to nurses : prevalence and risk factors, Nursing Standard, 12, 5, 49-56.