Abstracts
Résumé
L’exploitation sexuelle (ES) est un phénomène criminologique mondial complexe dont les enjeux sociaux et les conséquences pour les victimes sont importants. La présente étude propose de présenter les schémas cognitifs de personnes mineures impliquées dans l’exploitation sexuelle à titre de victimes selon la perception des intervenants et des intervenantes de la protection de la jeunesse. L’échantillon est constitué de 19 jeunes filles qui ont reçu des services de la Direction de la protection de la jeunesse de la région de Québec concernant un signalement impliquant une situation d’exploitation sexuelle. Les résultats montrent que les jeunes impliquées comme victimes dans l’ES présentent de nombreux facteurs de vulnérabilité. En effet, toutes ont bénéficié des services de la protection de la jeunesse antérieurement à leur première situation d’exploitation sexuelle. C’est dans ce contexte que la majorité des jeunes considère l’implication dans l’ES comme un choix rationnel et délibéré d’échanger des services sexuels contre rétribution ou de demeurer dans une relation avec des individus qui en abusent. Les analyses qualitatives ont permis d’identifier cinq schémas cognitifs distinctifs du parcours des jeunes, soit les schémas aversif, relationnel, matériel, mixte et entrepreneurial. Les jeunes considérées comme des victimes qui s’impliquent également dans le recrutement d’autres jeunes à des fins d’exploitation sexuelle font également l’objet d’une attention particulière. La présente étude contribue à l’avancement des connaissances en termes de compréhension des perceptions de leur situation de jeunes filles impliquées dans l’exploitation sexuelle et propose des pistes d’intervention prometteuses selon les schémas cognitifs des jeunes.
Mots-clés :
- exploitation sexuelle de mineurs,
- prostitution juvénile,
- schémas cognitifs
Abstract
Child sexual exploitation is a complex international phenomenon with significant social issues and consequences for victims. The present research proposes to present the cognitive schemas of youth in sexual exploitation as victims according to the perception of child protection professionals. The sample consists of 19 girls who received services from the Quebec’s Child protection services regarding a referral related to a situation of sexual exploitation. The results show that young people involved as victims in sexual exploitation present numerous vulnerability factors. In particular, they all received child protection services prior to their first situation of sexual exploitation. In this context, the majority of young people consider involvement in sexual exploitation as a rational and deliberate choice to exchange sexual services for retribution or to remain in a relationship with individuals who abuse them. The qualitative analyzes identified five cognitive schemas, namely aversive, relational, material, mixed and entrepreneurial. Youth considered as victims who are also involved in the recruitment of other victims for sexual exploitation are also the subject of particular attention. This research therefore contributes to the advancement of knowledge in terms of understanding the perceptions of their own situation of young girls caught up in sexual exploitation and proposes promising intervention according to the cognitive schemas of youth.
Keywords:
- child sexual exploitation,
- child prostitution,
- cognitive schemas
Appendices
Références
- Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47-88.
- Anderson, P. M., Coyle, K. K., Johnson, A., & Denner, J. (2014). An exploratory study of adolescent pimping relationships. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 35(2), 113-117.
- Baker, L. M., Dalla, R. L., & Williamson, C. (2010). Exiting prostitution: An integrated model. Violence Against Women, 16(5), 579-600.
- Baker, L. M., Wilson, F. L., & Winebarger, A. L. (2004). An exploratory study of the health problems, stigmatization, life satisfaction, and literacy skills of urban, streetlevel sex workers. Women & Health, 39(2), 83-96.
- Bath, E., Barnert, E., Godoy, S., Hammond, I., Mondals, S., Farabee, D., & Grella, C. (2020). Substance use, mental health, and child welfare profiles of juvenile justice-involved commercially sexually exploited youth. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 30(6), 389-397.
- Brayley, H., Cockbain, E., & Laycock, G. (2011). The value of crime scripting: Deconstructing internal child sex trafficking. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 5(2), 132-143.
- Cecchet, S. J., & Thoburn, J. (2014). The psychological experience of child and adolescent sex trafficking in the United States: Trauma and resilience in survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(5), 482-493.
- Cimino, A. N. (2012). A predictive theory of intentions to exit street-level prostitution. Violence Against Women, 18(10), 1235-1252.
- Cimino, A. N. (2019). Uncovering Intentions to Exit Prostitution: Findings from a Qualitative Study. Victims & Offenders, 14(5), 606-624.
- Couture, S., Lanctôt, N., Parent, G., Lemieux, S. & Lemieux, A. (2020). Consequences associated with the use of psychoactive substances among female adolescents placed in residential care: the role of sexual exploitation. Women & Health, 60(9), 1052-1062.
- Dalla, R. L. (2006). “You can't hustle all your life”: An exploratory investigation of the exit process among street-level prostituted women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(3), 276-290.
- Dupont, M., Pohu, H., Clochiatti, U., & Gorgiard, C. (2021). Prévalence de la prostitution des mineurs dans les pays à revenu élevé: revue de littérature. Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence, 69(8), 427-434.
- Gardner, M., & Steinberg, L. (2005). Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: An experimental study. Developmental Psychology, 41, 625-635.
- Greenbaum, V. J. (2014). Commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of children in the United States. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 44(9), 245-269.
- Greeson, J. K., Treglia, D., Wolfe, D. S., Wasch, S., & Gelles, R. J. (2019). Child welfare characteristics in a sample of youth involved in commercial sex: an exploratory study. Child abuse & neglect, 94, 104038.
- Halter, S. (2010). Factors that influence police conceptualizations of girls involved in prostitution in six US cities: Child sexual exploitation victims or delinquents? Child Maltreatment, 15(2), 152-160.
- Heilemann, T., & Santhiveeran, J. (2011). How do female adolescents cope and survive the hardships of prostitution? A content analysis of existing literature. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 20(1), 57-76.
- Henderson, H.M., Cho, S.J., Nogalska, A.M. & Lyon, T.D. (2021). Identifying novel forms of reluctance in commercially sexually exploited adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 115, 104994.
- Hodgins, E., Mutis, J., Mason, R. & Du Mont, J. (2022). Sex Trafficking of Women and Girls in Canada: A Scoping Review of the Scholarly Literature. Trauma, Violence and Abuse, 1-16.
- International Labour Organization (ILO). (2012). ILO global estimate of forced labour 2012: Results and methodology. Geneva, Switzerland. URL : www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILO-Publications/WCMS_182004/lang–en/index.htm Consulté le 23 janvier 2024.
- Kaestle, C. E. (2012). Selling and buying sex: A longitudinal study of risk and protective factors in adolescence. Prevention Science, 13(3), 314-322.
- Kim, B. K. E., Dierkhising, C. B., De Leon, J., Sandoval, J., Brissett, A., & Bounds, D. (2023). Evaluation of services for the commercial sexual exploitation of children and youth: a scoping review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(5), 3236-3250.
- Laird, J.J., Klettke, B., Hall, K., Clancy, E. & Hallford, D. (2020). Demographic and psychosocial factors associate with child sexual exploitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 3(9), e2017682.
- Lanctôt, N., Couture, S., Couvrette, A., Laurier, C., Parent, G., Paquette, G., & Turcotte, M. (2016). La face cachée de la prostitution : une étude des conséquences de la prostitution sur le développement et le bien-être des filles et des femmes [Rapport de recherche]. Fonds de recherche Société et culture Québec.
- Lanctôt, N., Perrin-Plouffe, R., Lafortune, D., Couture, S., Collin-Vézina, D., Pascuzzo, K., & Villeneuve, M. P. (2023). Pratiques prometteuses auprès de jeunes exploités sexuellement : Une étude de portée.
- Lanctot, N., Turcotte, M., Pascuzzo, K., Collin-Vezina, D., & Laurier, C. (2021). Commercial sexual exploitation, stigma, and trauma: a detrimental trio for an altered sense of self. Journal of child sexual abuse, 30(6), 703-721.
- Lanctôt, N., Reid, J. A., & Laurier, C. (2020). Nightmares and flashbacks: The impact of commercial sexual exploitation of children among female adolescents placed in residential care. Child abuse & neglect, 100, 104195.
- Laperrière, A. (1997). Les critères de scientificité des méthodes qualitatives. La recherche qualitative. Enjeux Épistémologiques et Méthodologiques, 1, 365-389.
- Lavoie, F., Thibodeau, C., Gagné, M. H., & Hébert, M. (2010). Buying and selling sex in Québec adolescents: A study of risk and protective factors. Archives of sexual behavior, 39, 1147-1160.
- Matthews, R., Easton, H., Young, L., & Bindel, J. (2014). Exiting prostitution: A study in female desistance. Springer.
- McDonald, K. P., Fisher, R., & Connolly, J. (2023). Building a specialized model of care for youth involved in sex trafficking in child welfare: A systematic review and interviews with experts-by-experience. Child Abuse & Neglect, 135, 105987.
- McMahon-Howard, J. (2017). Youth involved in prostitution (YIP) exploring possible changes in interactions with police and social service agencies and narratives of victimization. Criminal Justice Review, 42(2), 119-145.
- Milot, T., Collin-Vézina, D., et Godbout, N. (2018). Trauma complexe: comprendre, évaluer et intervenir. PUQ.
- Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100(4), 674-701.
- Monzini, P. (2005). Sex traffic: Prostitution, crime and exploitation. Zed Books.
- Muraya, D. N., & Fry, D. (2016). Aftercare services for child victims of sex trafficking: A systematic review of policy and practice. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 17(2), 204-220.
- Oselin, S. S. (2010). Weighing the consequences of a deviant career: Factors leading to an exit from prostitution. Sociological Perspectives, 53(4), 527-549.
- Palines, P.A., Rabbitt, A.L., Pan, A.Y., Nugent, M.L. & Ehrman, W.G. (2020). Comparing mental health disorders among sex trafficked childrenand three groups of youth at high-risk for trafficking: A dual retrospective cohort and scoping review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 100, 104196.
- Panlilio, C. C., Miyamoto, S., Font, S. A., & Schreier, H. M. (2019). Assessing risk of commercial sexual exploitation among children involved in the child welfare system. Child abuse & neglect, 87, 88-99.
- Pires, A. P. (1997). Échantillonnage et recherche qualitative: essai théorique et méthodologique. La recherche qualitative. Enjeux Épistémologiques et Méthodologiques, 113-169.
- Rafferty, Y. (2013). Child trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation: A review of promising prevention policies and programs. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83(4), 559-575.
- Rafferty, Y. (2016). Challenges to the rapid identification of children who have been trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 52, 158-168.
- Raphael, J., & Myers-Powell, B. (2010). From victims to victimizers: Interviews with 25 ex-pimps in Chicago. Chicago: Schiller DuCanto & Fleck Family Law Center of DePaul University College of Law.
- Reid, J. A. (2013). Rapid assessment exploring impediments to successful prosecutions of sex traffickers of US minors. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 28(1), 75-89.
- Reid, J. A. (2014). Risk and resiliency factors influencing onset and adolescence-limited commercial sexual exploitation of disadvantaged girls. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 24(5), 332-344.
- Reid, J. A. (2016). Entrapment and enmeshment schemes used by sex traffickers. Sexual Abuse, 28(6), 491-511.
- Roe-Sepowitz, D. E., Gallagher, J., Risinger, M., & Hickle, K. (2015). The sexual exploitation of girls in the United States: The role of female pimps. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(16), 2814-2830.
- Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.
- Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (2004). Les fondements de la recherche qualitative. Techniques et procédures de développement de la théorie enracinée. Fribourg: Academic Press Fribourg.
- Sahl, S., Pontoriero, M.I., Hill, C., & Knoepke, C.E. (2021). Stakeholder perspectives on the implementation of shared decision making toempower youth who have experienced commercial sexual exploitation. Children and Youth Services Review, 122, 105894.
- Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (1996). Maturity of judgment in adolescence: Psychosocial factors in adolescent decision making. Law and Human Behavior, 20(3), 249-272.
- Veldhuizen-Ochodnicanova, E., & Jeglic, E.L. (2021). Of madams, mentors and mistresses: Conceptualising the female sex trafficker in theUnited States. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 64, 100455.
- Williamson, C., & Folaron, G. (2003). Understanding the experiences of street level prostitutes. Qualitative Social Work, 2(3), 271–287.
- Zimmerman, C., Hossain, M., Yun, K., Gajdadziev, V., Guzun, N., Tchomarova, M., Ciarrochi, RA., Johansson, A., Kefurtova, A., Scodanibbio, S., Motus, MN., Roche, B., Morison, L., & Watts, C. (2008). The health of trafficked women: A survey of women entering post-trafficking services in Europe. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 55–59.