Abstracts
Abstract
This paper analyses the semiotic features and errors of logic at work in racial profiling and racial reckoning. Anthropologists have long researched the concept of human “race”, including biological, linguistic, archaeological, and cultural approaches to this topic, and anthropologists now largely agree that “race” is principally a cultural concept, not a biological one. Yet practices of race involve inferences about physical attributes including human phenotype. While much attention has been given to understanding how race operates as a discursive form through which power is exercised, less analysis has been done on the “logic” of racial reckoning, and more generally, on the semiosis of race. What semiotic forms and ideologies are at work in racial practices? How do semiotic ideologies of race reproduce cultural distinctions and hierarchies? In short, how does race work semiotically and what can a semiotic analysis of race reveal? This paper examines a particular social practice – racial profiling – and the roles of iconicity and retroduction in it. I argue that iconicity is central to practices of race and that iconicity contributes to erroneous conditional probabilities and the retroductive reasoning that mistakenly serve to justify racial profiling.
Résumé
Cet article analyse les caractéristiques sémiotiques ainsi que les erreurs de logique qui sont à l’oeuvre dans le profilage et la reconnaissance raciaux. Les anthropologues travaillent depuis longtemps sur le concept de ‘race’ humaine, sur le plan biologique, linguistique, archéologique et culturel, à tel point qu’aujourd’hui il y a un consensus entre eux sur le fait qu’il s’agit principalement d’un concept dont la source est culturelle et non pas biologique. Et pourtant, les pratiques sociales qui utilisent le concept de race sont souvent basées sur la reconnaissance de traits physiques et mettent en jeu le phénotype humain. Si l’on s’est beaucoup intéressé à l’idée de race en tant que forme discursive à travers laquelle s’exerce un pouvoir, il existe peu d’études qui prennent pour objet la logique de la reconnaissance raciale ou, de façon plus générale, la sémiosis raciale. Quelles formes et idéologies sémiotiques sont à l’oeuvre dans les pratiques de la race? Comment les idéologies sémiotiques liées à la race reproduisent-elles les distinctions culturelles et les hiérarchies sociales? Autrement dit, comment fonctionne la notion de race d’un point de vue sémiotique et que peut révéler une analyse sémiotique du concept? Cet article examine une pratique sociale particulière, le profilage racial, en faisant appel aux conceptions peircéennes de l’iconicité et de la rétroduction. J’avance que l’iconicité est au coeur des pratiques raciales et qu’elle contribue à des erreurs logiques et au raisonnement rétroductif qui sert, à tort, à justifier le profilage racial.
Appendices
Bibliography
- DANIEL, E. V. (1987 [1984]) Fluid Signs : Being a Person the Tamil Way. Berkeley : University of California Press.
- DANIEL, E. V. (1992) Charred Lullabies : Chapters in an Anthropography of Violence. Princeton : Princeton University Press.
- DOYLE, A. C. (2004) “Silver Blaze”. In The Adventures and the Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. New York : Sterling Publishing Co.
- DU BOIS, W. E. B. (1903) “The Souls of Black Folk”. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/dubois_01.asp. (accessed, May, 14th, 2013)
- DUSTER, T. (2005) “Race and Reification in Science”. In Science 307 : 1050-1051.
- FANON, F. (1952) Peau Noire Masques Blancs. Québec. http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/fanon_franz/peau_noire_masques_blancs/peau_noire_masques_blancs.pdf (accessed, May, 14th, 2013)
- FANON, F. (1967) Black Skin White Masks. New York : Grove Press.
- GROSS, S. R., and LIVINGSTON, D. (2002) “Racial Profiling under Attack”. In Columbia Law Review (102) 5 : 1413-1438.
- HACKING, I. (1990) The Taming of Chance. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- HARCOURT, B. E. (2007) Against Prediction Profiling, Policing, and Punishing in an Actuarial Age. Chicago : The University of Chicago Press.
- HELMREICH, S. (2007) “Induction, Deduction, Abduction, and the Logics of Race and Kinship”. In American Ethnologist (34) 2 : 230-232.
- HERZFELD, M. (2005) Cultural Intimacy : Social Poetics in the Nation-State. 2nd ed. New York : Routledge.
- HILL, J. H. (1998) “Language, Race, and White Public Space”. In American Anthropologist (100) 3 : 680-689.
- HILL, M. E. (2002) “Race of the Interviewer and Perception of Skin Color : Evidence From the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality”. In American Sociological Review (67) 1 : 99-108.
- HIRSCHMAN, C. (2004) “The Origins and Demise of the Concept of Race”. In Population and Development Review (30) 3 : 385-415.
- HOLBERT, S., and ROSE, L. (2004) The Color of Guilt & Innocence Racial Profiling and Police Practices in America. San Ramon : Page Marque Press.
- JABLONSKI, N. G. (2004) “The Evolution of Human Skin and Skin Color”. In Annual Review of Anthropology 33 : 585-623.
- JABLONSKI, N. G., and CHAPLIN, G. (2000) “The Evolution of Human Skin Coloration”. In Journalism of Human Evolution (39) 1 : 57-106.
- JORDE, L. B., and WOODING, S. P. (2004) “Genetic Variation, Classification and ‘Race’”. In Nature Genetics 36 : S28-S33.
- KEANE, W. (1997) Signs of Recognition : Powers and Hazards of Representation in an Indonesian Society. Berkeley : University of California Press.
- KEANE, W. (2003) “Semiotics and the social analysis of material things”. In Language & Communication (23) 3-4 : 409-425.
- KHEMIRI, J. H. (2013) “Sweden’s Closet Racists”. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/opinion/sunday/swedens-closet-racists.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. (accessed, April, 21, 2013)
- KOCIENIEWSKI, D. (2000) “New Jersey Argues That the U.S. Wrote the Book on Race Profiling”.http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/29/nyregion/new-jersey-argues-that-the-us-wrote-the-book-on-race-profiling.html. (accessed, April, 18th, 2013)
- LAMBERTH, J. (1998) “Driving While Black : A Statistician Proves That Prejudice Still Rules the Road”. In Washington Post August 16.
- LANEY, G. P. (2004) “Racial Profiling : Issues and Federal Legislative Proposals and Options”. InRacial Profiling Issues, Date and Analysis. S. J. Muffler (Ed.), New York : Nova Science Publishers : 1-23.
- LELE, V. (2006) “Material Habits, Identity, Semeiotic”. In Journal of Social Archaeology (6) 1 : 48-70.
- LELE, V. (2008) ““Demographic Modernity” in Ireland : a Cultural Analysis of Citizenship, Migration, and Fertility”. In Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Europe (8) 1 : 5-17.
- LELE, V. (2009) “‘It’s Not Really a Nickname, It’s a Method’ : Local Names, State Intimates, and Kinship Register in the Irish Gaeltacht”. In Journal of Linguistic Anthropology (19) 1 : 101-116.
- LELE, V. (2010) “Lessons in Racial Identity and Kinship”. In Anthropology News (51) 5 : 30.
- LIVINGSTONE, F. B. (1993) “On the Nonexistence of Human Races”. InThe “Racial” Economy of Science : Toward a Democratic Future. S. Harding (Ed.), Bloomington : Indiana University Press : 133-141.
- LIVINGSTONE, F.B, and DOBZHANSKY, T. (1962) “On the Non-Existence of Human Races”. In Current Anthropology (3) 3 : 279-281.
- MACDONALD, H. (2003) Are Cops Racist? Chicago : Ivan R. Dee.
- MUNN, N. D. (2004) The Fame of Gawa : A Symbolic Study of Value Transformation in a Massim (Papua New Guinea) Society. Durham : Duke University Press.
- NASH, M. (1962) “Race and the Ideology of Race”. In Current Anthropology (3) 3 : 285-288.
- PARMENTIER, R. J. (1994) Signs in Society : Studies in Semiotic Anthropology. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
- PEIRCE, C. S. (1931-1958) Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Pierce. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press; Intelex Past Masters electronic edition.
- RAMIREZ, D., MCDEVITT, J., and FARRELL, A. (2006) “A Resource Guide on Racial Profiling Data Collection Systems : Promising Practices and Lessons Learned”. InRacial Profiling Issues, Date and Analysis. S. J. Muffler (Ed.), New York : Nova Science Publishers : 57-108.
- RANSDELL, J (1986) “‘On Peirce’s Conception of the Iconic Sign’”. InIconicity : Essays on the Nature of Culture. P. Bouissac, M. Herzfeld, and R. Posner (Eds.), Tubingen : Stauffenber-Verlag : 51-74.
- RUSSEL, K. K. (1999) “‘Driving While Black’ Corollary Phenomena and Collateral Consequences”. In Racial Issues in Criminal Justice The Case of African Americans. M. D. Free (Ed.). Westport : Praeger.
- SARKISIAN, N., and GERSTEL, N. (2004) “Kin support among Blacks and Whites : Race and Family Organization”. In American Sociological Review (69) 6 : 812-837.
- SCHNEIDER, D. M. (1986) American Kinship : A Cultural Account. 2nd ed. Chicago : The University of Chicago Press.
- SEBEOK, T. A. (1983) “One Two Three Spells UBERTY”. In The Sign of Three : Dupin, Holmes, Peirce. U. Eco, and T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Bloomington : Indiana University Press : 1-10.
- SEBEOK, T. A., and UMIKER-SEBEOK, J. (1983) “‘You Know my Method’ : A Juxtaposition of Charles S. Peirce and Sherlock Holmes”. InThe Sign of Three : Dupin, Holmes, Peirce. U. Eco, and T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Bloomington : Indiana University Press : 11-54.
- SILVERSTEIN, M. (2003) “Indexical Order and the Dialectics of Sociolinguistic Life”. In Language & Communication (23) 3-4 : 193-229.
- TURRISI, P.A. (Ed.) (1997) “Pragmatism as a Principle and Method of Right Thinking”. InThe 1903 Harvard Lectures on Pragmatism. Albany : State University of New York Press.
- WADE, N. (2013) “East Asian Physical Traits Linked to 35,000-Year-Old Mutation”. In The New York Times, February 13.
- (2001) “Report of the New Jersey Senate Judiciary Committee’s Investigation of Racial Profiling and the New Jersey State Police”. http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/RacialProfiling/sjufinal.pdf. (accessed, May, 14th, 2013).