Abstracts
Abstract
Many studies assume that dance develops as a bearer of tradition through iconic continuity (Downey 2005; Hahn 2007; Meduri 1996, 2004; Srinivasan 2007, 2011, Zarrilli 2000). In some such studies, lapses in Iconic continuity are highlighted to demonstrate how “tradition” is “constructed”, lacking substantive historical character or continuity (Meduri 1996; Srinivasan 2007, 2012). In the case of Mohiniyattam – a classical dance of Kerala, India – understanding the form’s tradition as built on Iconic transfers of semiotic content does not account for the overarching trajectory of the forms’ history. Iconic replication of the form as it passed from teacher to student was largely absent in its recreation in the early 20th century. Simply, there were very few dancers available to teach the older practice to new dancers in the 1960s. And yet, Mohiniyattam dance is certainly considered to be a “traditional” style to its practitioners. Throughout this paper I argue that the use of Peircean categories to understand the semiotic processes of Mohiniyattam’s reinvention in the 20th century allows us to reconsider tradition as a matter of Iconic continuity. In particular, an examination of transfers of repertoire in the early 20th century demonstrates that the “traditional” and “authentic” character of this dance style resides in semeiotic processes beyond Iconic reiteration; specifically, the “traditional” character of Mohiniyattam is Indexical and Symbolic in nature.
Résumé
Il existe de nombreuses études qui tendent à démontrer que l’apprentissage de la danse procède par le truchement d’une continuité iconique qui en assure l’authenticité culturelle (Downey 2005; Hahn 2007; Meduri 1996, 2004; Srinivasan 2007, 2011, Zarrilli 2000). Pour les auteurs de ces études, tout manquement ou interruption dans cette continuité est le signe qu’une tradition est “construite” au sens où elle aurait perdu toute authenticité historique (Meduri 1996; Srinivasan 2007, 2012). En ce qui concerne le Mohiniyattam – une dance classique de la région du Kérala en Inde – force est de reconnaître que la transmission par voie iconique ne permet pas d’en saisir l’histoire et les différentes formes. La duplication iconique qu’assure normalement le rapport maître-élève dans la transmission intergénérationnelle de la tradition a été, en effet, interrompue au tournant du XXe siècle. Par conséquent, et ce, dès les années 1960, il n’y avait pour ainsi dire plus de danseurs capables de transmettre cette forme de danse. Or le Mohiniyattam est aujourd’hui encore considéré comme une danse “traditionnelle” par ceux qui le pratique et l’enseigne. Dans cet article, je soutiens que l’usage des catégories peircéennes pour concevoir la ré-invention du Mohiniyattam au XXe siècle permet de réviser l’idée que la tradition repose nécessairement sur une continuité de nature iconique. L’examen de la transmission du répertoire Mohiniyattam montre plutôt que son caractère “traditionnel” et “authentique” repose sur des processus sémiotiques qui vont au-delà de la réitération iconique et nécessitent la prise en compte de processus indexicaux et symboliques.
Appendices
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- (1941) October 14th (M.E. 1117, 28 Kanni). Note for Orders of His Highness : Devadasis Cochin Thirumala Devasom – Prerequisites and privileges of – Complaints against. Joint Secretary to Government. D.S. Revenue Department. Book : 22 : The Government of Cochin, Huzur Secretariat. Kerala State Archive, Ernakulam.
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- JONES, CLIFFORD. Mohiniyattam research scholar from late 1950s onward. Lakeport, CA, Aril 1, 2013 and November 28, 2013.
- KALADHARAN, V. Keralite arts scholar. Multiple interviews 2003-2004; 2007-2008. Ongoing correspondence.
- KALAMANDALAM CHANDRIKA. Mohiniyattam dancer and choreographer. Ernakulam, Kerala, May 15, 2008.
- KALAMANDALAM HEYMALATA. Mohiniyattam dancer and choreographer. Thrissur District, Kerala, March 14, 2008 and May 20, 2008.
- KALAMANDALAM LEELAMA. Mohiniyattam dancer and choreographer. Thrissur, Kerala, May 18, 2008.
- KALAMANDALAM PREETHA. Mohiniyattam dancer and choreographer. Vallathol Nagar, May , 2008.
- KALAMANDALAM SHYMAVATI. Mohiniyattam dancer and choreographer. Thrissur, Kerala, April 13, 2008.
- KALAMANDALAM SUGHUNDHI. Mohiniyattam dancer and choreographer. Thrissur, Kerala, April 13, 2008.
- KRISHNA MENON, GOVINDA. Arts historian/scholar.Thrissur District, Kerala, March 22 and 25, 2008.
- MALLAYA, N. Purushothama. Konkani linguist and historian. Fort Cochin, Kerala, March 21, 2008.
- NAIR, MANKALI BALAKRISHNAN. Kathakali artist. Thrissur District, Kerala, May 20, 2008.
- NAMBIAR, P.K. NARAYANAN. Arts maestro. Killikurissimangalam, Lakkidi, Palakkad, September 20, 2007.
- NAMBUDIRI, MAHESWARA. Rural Ayurvedic Doctor. Waddakancherri, Thrissur, Kerala, March 14, 2008.
- NAMBUDIRIPAD, KANIPPAYYUR KRISHNAN. Architect and Vasthu specialist. Kunnamkulam, Kerala, December 19, 2007.
- NAMBUDIRIPAD, KANUR KRISHNAN. Arts scholar and musician. Thrissur, Kerala, March 14, 2008.
- NAMBUDIRIPAD, KILLAMANGALAM VASUDEVAN. Killamangalam, Kerala, September 20, 2007.
- NANDIPULAM, K.P. Kurathyattam Choreographer and performer. Palaghat District, Kerala, Interview on November 18, 2007.
- NARAYANA, M.G.S. Kerala, India. On-going personal communication and interviews with Lemos, via email and in Calicut district, Kerala, 2004-2008.
- RAJAN, SRI DEVI. Mohiniyattam dancer and choreographer. Ernakulam, Kerala, June 18, 2008. Many informal conversations.
- RAM, KOTTAKAL SHIVA. Kathakali Artist. Thrissur, Kerala, May 6, 2008.
- SHIVA DAS, LAKKADI. Retired newspaper reporter. Lakkadi, Kerala, May 20, 2008.
- SUYNDHI. Mohiniyattam Dancer. Member of Konkani community. Ernakulam, Kerala. May 15, 2008.
- UNNIKRISHNAN, C.P. Arts scholar. Ernakulam, Kerala. Lectures at Nrithyashetra April 25 and 26, 2008.