Abstracts
Abstract
This article is about recent changes in the union strategy of Spanish platform workers. Using a socio-spatial approach to labour processes and disputes, we first describe the context of union organizing: how the business model of delivery platforms has evolved and how it is regulated in Spain. We then analyze the first initiatives to organize couriers in Spain. These initiatives can be classified under the heading of community unionism and have focused on specific spaces of union activism (state regulation and community support). Next, we explore how their newly won employee status has caused couriers to adopt more conventional forms of union organizing and focus on other spaces. Finally, we discuss the main challenges of reconciling union models with the working world of delivery platforms.
Summary
This article is about recent changes in the union strategy of Spanish platform couriers. Using a socio-spatial approach to labour processes and disputes, we first describe the context of union organizing: how the business model of delivery platforms has evolved and how it is regulated in Spain. We then use qualitative interviews with union delegates, document analysis and participant observation to analyze the first initiatives to organize couriers in Spain by the network Couriers for Rights (Riders por Derechos). These initiatives can be classified under the heading of community unionism and have focused on specific spaces of union activism (state regulation and community support). Next, we explore how their newly won employee status has caused couriers to adopt more conventional forms of union organizing and, consequently, focus on other spaces of activism (mainly firms and workplaces). Finally, we discuss the main challenges of reconciling the different ways of unionizing couriers in a new context characterized by technology-driven deregulation and fragmentation of work, by growing demand for digital worker rights and by the existence of professional associations in which couriers defend themselves as independent contractors rather than as employees.
Keywords:
- unions,
- platform workers,
- delivery platforms,
- community unionism,
- couriers,
- platform capitalism,
- industrial action,
- spatiality of labour
Résumé
Cet article examine les changements récents dans la stratégie syndicale envers des travailleurs sur les plateformes de messagerie en Espagne. Appliquant une approche socio-spatiale à l'étude des processus et conflits de travail, il commence par décrire le contexte dans lequel s'inscrit la syndicalisation soit l'évolution du modèle d'entreprise des plates-formes de livraison et sa réglementation en Espagne. Ensuite, en s'appuyant sur des entretiens qualitatifs avec des délégués syndicaux, une analyse documentaire et une observation participante, l'article documente les premières initiatives d'organisation des coursiers en Espagne, menées par le réseau Couriers for Rights (Riders por Derechos). Celles-ci peuvent être comprises sous l’angle du syndicalisme communautaire et se sont concentrées sur des spatialités spécifiques (réglementation de l'État et soutien de la communauté). Ensuite, le texte explore la manière dont l'obtention du statut d'employé pousse les coursiers à adopter des formes plus conventionnelles d'organisation syndicale, en se concentrant par conséquent sur d'autres spatialités (principalement les entreprises et les lieux de travail). Enfin, il aborde les principaux défis des modèles syndicaux dans ce nouveau contexte, marqué par la déréglementation et la fragmentation du travail favorisées par le changement technologique, la demande croissante de droits numériques du travail et l'existence d'associations professionnelles de coursiers défendant le statut d'entrepreneurs indépendants et affaiblissant le pouvoir des travailleurs.
Appendices
References
- A Digital y Afi, Analistas Financieros Internacionales (2020). Importancia económica de las plataformas digitales de delivery y perfil de los repartidores en España. (https://www.adigital.org/media/importancia-economica-de-las-plataformas-digitales-de-delivery-y-perfil-de-los-repartidores-en-espana.pdf)
- Cant, C. (2020). Riding for Deliveroo: Resistance in the New Economy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Cini, L., Maccarrone, V., & Tassinari, A. (2021). With or without U(nions)? Understanding the diversity of gig workers’ organizing practices in Italy and the UK. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 28(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/09596801211052531
- Coffey, A. y Atkinson, P. (2003). Encontrar el sentido a los datos cualitativos. Estrategias complementarias de investigación, Medellín: Editorial de la Universidad de Antioquia.
- Davis, G.F. & Sinha Assem (2021). Varieties of Uberization: How technology and institutions change the organization(s) of late capitalism. Organization Theory, 2, 1-17. https://cutt.ly/pNh4NWr
- Dolber, B. (2019). From independent contractors to an independent union: Building solidarity through rideshare drivers united’s digital organizing strategy. Media, Inequality & Change Center. https://cutt.ly/INLTola
- Dufresne, A. & Leterme, C. (2021). Travailleurs de plateforme. La lutte pour les droits dans l’économie numérique, Brussels: Gresea.
- Esade & Just Eat (2022). Informe. Ley Rider. Un año después. https://itemsweb.esade.edu/wi/research/Foro-Humanismo-Tecnologico/221027_Informe_LeyRider_FHTEsade.pdf?_gl=1*159u3zv*_ga*MjA2NTM1MDU0Ny4xNjY1MTI1MjQ0*_ga_S41Q3C9XT0*MTY2Njg1OTQxMS4yMS4wLjE2NjY4NTk0MTEuMC4wLjA
- ETUC (2020). ETUC Resolution on the protection of the rights of non-standard workers and workers in platform companies (including the self-employed). https://www.etuc.org/en/document/etuc-resolution-protection-rights-non-standard-workers-and-workers-platform-companies
- Fine, J. (2005). Community unions and the revival of the American labor movement. Politics & Society,33(1), 153–199.
- Fleming, P. (2017). The human capital hoax: Work, debt and insecurity in the era of Uberization. Organization Studies, 38(5), 691-709.
- García Calavia, M.A. & Rigby, M. (2022). Collaboration (and conflict) in the relations between Trade Union and Third Sector, CIRIEC-España, Revista de Economía Pública, Social y Cooperativa, 105, 9-36. DOI: 10.7203/CIRIEC-E.105.24524
- Greenberg, M. & Lewis, P. (eds.) (2017). The City is the Factory. New Solidarities and Spatial Strategies in an Urban Age. New York: Cornell University Press.
- Griesbach, K., Reich, A., Elliott‐Negri, L. & Milkman, R. (2019). Algorithmic Control in Platform Food Delivery Work. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 5, https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023119870041
- Haidar, J., & Keune, M. (2021). Work and Labour Relations in Global Platform Capitalism. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing
- Herod, A. (2001). Labor Geographies: Workers and the Landscapes of Capitalism. New York: Guilford Press.
- Hyman, R. (2001). Understanding European Trade Unionism. London: Sage.
- Jessop, B., Brenner, N., & Jones, M. (2008). Theorizing sociospatial relations. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 26(3), 389–401.
- Joyce, S., Stuart, M., & Forde, C. (2022). Theorising labour unrest and trade unionism in the platform economy. New Technology, Work and Employment, First Online, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12252
- Kelly, J. (1999): Rethinking Industrial Relations: Mobilization, Collectivism and Long Waves. London: Routledge.
- Kesselman, D. & Sauviat, C. (2017). Les enjeux de la revitalisation syndicale face aux transformations de l’emploi et aux nouveaux mouvements sociaux. Chronique Internationale de l’IRES, 160(4), 1937. https://www.cairn.info/revue-chronique-internationale-de-l-ires-2017-4-page-19.htm
- Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space. New York: Wiley Blackwell.
- Martín Artiles, A. (2021). Digitalización del trabajo: Proto sindicalismo y cuasi-unionismo post-pandémico. Anuario IET de trabajo y relaciones laborales, 7, 9-32.
- Martínez Lucio, M. (2017). Organising without knowing it? The curious case of para-organising-style campaigns in southern Europe and the case of trade union elections in Spain. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 23(1), 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258916684324
- McBride J., & Greenwood, I. (eds.) (2009). Community unionism. A comparative analysis of concepts and contexts. London and New York: Palgrave.
- Morales, K., & Dinegro, A. (2022). Self-organization among delivery platforms workers in neoliberal Latin American countries. The cases of Peru and Chile. Journal of Labor and Society, 25(3), 299–328.
- Morales-Muñoz, K., & Roca, B. (2022). The spatiality of collective action and organization among platform workers in Spain and Chile. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 54(7), 1411–1431. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X221103262
- Morales, K., & Stecher, A. (2023). Platform capitalism and neo-normative control: “Autonomy” as a digital platform control strategy in neoliberal Chile. New Technology, Work and Employment, 38(2), 230–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12258
- Murray, G. (2017). Union renewal: what can we learn from three decades of research? Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 23(1), 9-29.
- Nicholls, W. (2009). Place, networks, space: theorising the geographies of social movements. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,34, 78-93.
- Pérez Chirinos Churruca, V. (2017). Lo que el caso Deliveroo puso sobre la mesa: autónomos y acción colectiva. Arxius de Ciències Socials, 36-37, 123-132.
- Però, D., & Downey, J. (2022). Advancing workers’ rights in the gig economy through discursive power: The communicative strategies of indie unions. Work, Employment and Society, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/09500170221103160
- Roca, B. (2020). Socio-spatial strategies of worker centres: An ethnography of alt-labour in NYC. Antipode, 52(4), 1196–1215. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12621
- Rosenblat, A. (2018). Uberland. How algorithms are rewriting the rules of work. California: University of California Press.
- Ruiz, M. (12 de agosto de 2022). La ‘ley Rider’ cumple un año en pleno pulso entre las empresas y Trabajo. Newtral. https://cutt.ly/eNh4HGe
- Srnicek, N. (2016). Platform Capitalism. Cambridge, UK/Malden, MA: Polity Press.
- Strauss, K. (2020). Labour geography II: Being, knowledge and agency. Progress in Human Geography, 44(1), 150–159.
- Sullivan, R. (2010). Organizing workers in the space in between unions: Union centric labor revitalization and the role of community-based organizations. Critical Sociology, 36(6), 793–819
- Tassinari, A. & Maccarrone, V. (2019). Riders on the storm: workplace solidarity among gig economy couriers in Italy and the UK. Work, Employment and Society, 34(1), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017019862954
- Torrecillas, P. (11 de mayo de 2021). Cronología de la Ley Rider: siete claves para entender un conflicto que va más allá de lo laboral, RTVE. https://cutt.ly/ONh4hes
- Trappmann, V, Bessa, I, Joyce, S, & al. (2020). Global Labour Unrest: The Case of Food Delivery. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung FES. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/16880.pdf.
- Tufts, S. (2007). Emerging labour strategies in Toronto's hotel sector: toward a spatial circuit of union renewal. Environment and Planning A, 39(10), 2383–2404.
- Vandaele, K. (2018). Will trade unions survive in the platform economy? Emerging patterns of platform workers’ collective voice and representation in Europe. Working Paper, European Trade Union Institute. https://cutt.ly/BNh4ePL
- Wells, K.J., Attoh, K. & Cullen, D. (2021). “Just-in-Place” labor: Driver organizing in the Uber workplace. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space,53(2), 315-331- https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X20949266
- Wills, J., & Simms, M. (2004). Building reciprocal community unionism in the UK. Capital & Class,28(1), 59-84.
- Wu, Q., Zhang, H. & Liu, K. (2019). Labor control in the gig economy: evidence from uber in China. Journal of Industrial Relations, 61(4), 574–596. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185619854472
- Yu, Z., Treré, E. & Bonini, T. (2022). The emergence of algorithmic solidarity: unveiling mutual aid practices and resistance among Chinese delivery workers. Media International Australia. 183(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X221074793