Abstracts
Abstract
The paper analyzes how digitalization in conjunction with changes to the economic environment are affecting the nature of low-skilled jobs in the logistics sector; in particular, job content and the working and employment conditions attached to those jobs. On the basis of expert interviews and company case studies in French and German retail warehouses, the authors investigate whether the adaptation of these jobs corresponds to the more general ‘neo-Taylorist’ transformation of workplaces discussed in the literature and seek to identify those factors that are helping to stabilize or modify this trend.
Drawing on the comparative labour relations literature, which distinguishes between different types of workers’ power resources (institutional, associational and structural), the study examines how and to what extent employees and their representatives renegotiate or influence techno-organizational choices. By focusing on firms headquartered in France and Germany, we can shed some light on whether the institutional power of organized labour may enable them to foster trajectories other than the kind of ‘digital Taylorism’ we see in liberal market economies.
The findings point, however, to a general convergence on digitally enhanced ‘Neo-Taylorism,’ which is characterized by deskilling and intensification of performance control. The limited cross-country variation can largely be explained by the very similar effects across countries of ‘lean’ supply-chain transformation and the trend toward outsourcing and offshoring, which negatively affect workers’ structural power. Moreover, associational resources are negatively affected by the deskilling trend. Meanwhile, the findings provide some evidence of a beneficial impact from the institutional power of worker representatives in both countries: in particular, the rights to veto and co-determine performance management systems. These rights have not altogether helped prevent the shift toward neo-Taylorism but have contributed to somewhat less intense forms of neo-Taylorism.
Keywords:
- technological change,
- digital Taylorism,
- power resources,
- performance management,
- deskilling,
- employment relations
Résumé
L’article analyse comment l’avènement du numérique, associé à l’évolution de l’environnement économique, affectent la nature des emplois peu qualifiés dans le secteur de la logistique des magasins de détail, en particulier le contenu et les conditions de travail et d’emploi qui leur sont liés. À partir d’entretiens d’experts et d’études de cas d’entreprises dans des entrepôts logistiques français et allemands, les auteurs examinent si l’évolution de ces emplois reflète la transformation ‘néo-tayloriste’ des établissements discutée dans la littérature, et cherchent à identifier les facteurs susceptibles d’infléchir ou de confirmer cette tendance.
S’appuyant sur la littérature comparative en relations de travail qui distingue les différents types de ressources de pouvoir des travailleurs (institutionnelles, associatives et structurelles), les auteurs examinent comment les choix technologico-organisationnels sont négociés ou influencés par les salariés et leurs représentants. L’accent mis sur les entreprises ayant leur siège en France et en Allemagne permet de déterminer si le pouvoir institutionnel du mouvement syndical peut permettre de faire émerger d’autres trajectoires que la forme de ‘taylorisme digital’ constaté dans les économies de marché libérales.
Les résultats indiquent une tendance largement convergente vers un « néo-taylorisme» numériquement ‘amélioré’, caractérisé par des processus de déqualification et une intensification du contrôle des performances. Le peu de différences observées entre les pays s’explique, en grande partie, par l’effet très similaire de la transformation de la chaîne logistique à flux tendus, ainsi que la tendance à l’externalisation et à la délocalisation, qui minent le pouvoir structurel des travailleurs dans tous les pays. De plus, les ressources associatives sont affectées négativement par la tendance à la déqualification. Cependant, les résultats mettent en évidence un certain effet bénéfique du pouvoir institutionnel des représentants des travailleurs dans les deux pays qui a contribué à éviter l’émergence des pires formes de néo-taylorisme, notamment en termes de contrôle de performance.
Mots-clés:
- changements technologiques,
- taylorisme digital,
- ressources de pouvoir,
- gestion de la performance,
- déqualification,
- relation d’emploi
Appendices
Bibliography
- Alimahomed-Wilson, Jake and Immanual Ness, eds. (2018) Choke Points. Logistics Workers Disrupting the Global Supply Chain. London: Pluto Press.
- Amossé, Thomas and Thomas Coutrot (2011) “Socio-Productive Models in France: An Empirical Dynamic Overview 1992-2004.” ILR Review, 64 (4), 786-817.
- Arntz, Melanie, Terry Gregory and Ulrich Zierahn (2016) “The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries. A Comparative Analysis.” OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 189, Paris: OECD Publishing.
- Bain, Peter and Phil Taylor (2000) “Entrapped by the ‘Electronic Panopticon’? Worker Resistance in the Call Centre.” New Technology, Work and Employment, 15 (1), 2-18.
- Benvegnù, Carlotta, Bettina Haidinger and Devi Sacchetto (2018) “Restructuring Labour Relations and Employment in the European Logistics Sector: Unions’ Responses to a Segmented Workforce.” In Virginia Doellgast, Nathan Lillie and Valeria Pulignano, eds. (2018) Reconstructing solidarity. Labour Unions, Precarious Work and the Politics of Institutional Change in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 83-103.
- Bonacich, Edna and Jake B. Wilson (2008) Getting the Goods: Ports, Labor and the Logistics Revolution. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Briken, Kendra, Shiona Chillas, Martin Krzywdzinski and Abigail Marks, eds. (2017) The New Digital Workplace: How New Technologies Revolutionise Work. London: Palgrave.
- Crowley, Martha, Daniel Tope, Lindsey Joyce Chamberlain and Randy Hodson (2010) “Neo-Taylorism at Work: Occupational Change in the Post-Fordist Era.” Social Problems, 57 (3), 421-447.
- Doellgast, Virginia, Nathan Lillie and Valeria Pulignano, eds. (2018) Reconstructing Solidarity. Labour Unions, Precarious Work and the Politics of Institutional Change in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Fernie, John and Leigh Sparks, eds. (2014) Logistics and Retail Management: Emerging Issues and New Challenges in the Retail Supply Chain. London: Kogan Page.
- Frey, Carl Benedikt and Michael Osborne (2013) “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerization?” Online at: https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf.
- Gaborieau, David (2012) “‘Le nez dans le micro’. Répercussions du travail sous commande vocale dans les entrepôts de la grande distribution alimentaire.” Nouvelle revue du travail, n° 1, (DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/nrt.240.
- Gonos, George and Carmen Martino (2011) “Temp Agency Workers in New Jersey’s Logistics Hub: The Case for a Union Hiring Hall.” Working USA: The Journal of Labor and Society, 14, 499-525.
- Gregory, Terry, Anna Salomons and Ulrich Zierahn (2019) “Racing With or Against the Machine? Evidence from Europe.” IZA Discussion Paper, 12063. http://ftp.iza.org/dp12063.pdf .
- Harney, Brian and Tony Dundon (2020) «Amazon: HRM and Change in the House of Neo-Liberalism.» In Dundon, Tony and Adrian Wilkinson (ed.), Case Studies in Work, Employment and Human Resources Management. Elgar Online, p. 191-200.
- Head, Simon (2014) Mindless: Why Smarter Machines Are Making Dumber Humans. New York: Basic Books.
- Hirsch-Kreinsen, Hartmut (2016) “Digitalisation and Low-Skilled Work.” Wiso Diskurs, 19/2016, Bonn: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/wiso/12864.pdf.
- ten Hompel, Michael and Thorsten Schmidt (2007) Warehouse Management. Automation and organisation of warehouse and order picking system. Berlin: Springer.
- Jaehrling, Karen, ed. (2018) “Virtuous Circles between Innovations, Job Quality and Employment in Europe? Case Study Evidence from the Manufacturing Sector, Private and Public Service Sector.” Working Paper WP6-3 for the European Commission Horizon 2020 project “Quality of Jobs and Innovation Generated Employment Outcomes” (QuInnE). Online at https://www.iaq.uni-due.de/aktuell/veroeff/2018/QiInne_wp6_3_2018.pdf.
- Jaffee, David and David Bensman (2016) “Draying and Picking: Precarious Work and Labor Action in the Logistics Sector.” Working USA: The Journal of Labor and Society, 19, 57-79.
- Jones, Daniel T., Peter Hines and Nick Rich (1997) “Lean Logistics.” International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, 27 (3/4), 153-173.
- Lund, John and Christopher Wright (2001) “State Regulation and the New Taylorism: The Case of Australian Grocery Warehousing.” Relations industrielles/Industrial Relations, 56 (4), 747-769.
- Mendonça, Pedro and Drago Adsclit ,ei (2020) “Trade Union Power Resources within the Supply Chain: Marketisation, Marginalisation, Mobilisation.” Work, Employment and Society, 34 (Online first, doi.org/10.1177/0950017020906360),
- Newsome, Kirsty (2010) “Work and Employment in Distribution and Exchange: Moments in the Circuit of Capital.” Industrial Relations Journal, 41 (3), 190-205.
- Newsome, Kirsty, Paul Thompson and Johanna Commander (2013) “‘You Monitor Performance at Every Hour’: Labour and the Management of Performance in the Supermarket Supply Chain.” New Technology, Work and Employment, 28 (1), 1-15.
- Newsome, Kirsty, Phil Taylor, Jennifer Bair and Al Rainnie, eds. (2015) Putting Labour in its Place: Labour Process Analysis and Global Value Chains. Critical Perspectives on Work and Employment. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Pfeiffer, Sabine (2007) Montage und Erfahrung. Warum Ganzheitliche Produktionssysteme menschliches Arbeitsvermögen brauchen. München/Mering: Hampp.
- Reese, Ellen and Jason Struna (2018) “’Work Hard, Make History’: Oppression and Resistance in Inland Southern California’s Warehouse and Distribution Industry.” In Alimahomed-Wilson, Jake and Immanual Ness (eds.) Choke Points. Logistics Workers Disrupting the Global Supply Chain. London: Pluto Press, p. 81-95.
- Sowers, Elizabeth A., Paul S. Ciccantell and David A. Smith (2018) “Labor and Social Movements’ Strategic Usage of the Global Commodity Chain Structure.” In Alimahomed-Wilson, Jake and Immanual Ness (eds.) Choke Points. Logistics Workers Disrupting the Global Supply Chain. London: Pluto Press p. 19-34.
- Spencer, David (2018) “Fear and Hope in an Age of Mass Automation: Debating the Future of Work.” New Technology, Work and Employment, 33 (1), 1-12.
- Weil, David (2014) The Fissured Workplace: Why Work Became so Bad for so Many and What Can Be Done to Improve it. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Wright, Christopher and John Lund (2006) “Variations on a Lean Theme: Work Restructuring in Retail Distribution.” New Technology, Work and Employment, 21 (1), 59-74.
- Wright, Erik Olin (2000) “Working-Class Power, Capitalist-Class Interests and Class Compromise.” American Journal of Sociology, 105 (4), 957-1002.