Abstracts
Abstract
Many large cities in North America have jurisdiction over licensing rules that shape the employment and health conditions of ride-hail and taxi drivers. Yet there is a lack of research on the role of licensing agencies relating to the occupational health and safety (OHS) of taxi drivers. Most taxi and ride-hail drivers in Canada are self-employed workers and are, by default, exempt from OHS and worker compensation laws. Additionally, municipal licensing regimes in Canada and the US have undergone various changes as a result of pressures from new platform-based ride-hail services, like Uber and Lyft.
The analysis is part of a larger study on the health and safety conditions faced by ride-hail drivers. The research approach adopted a multi-level sampling and analysis strategy with the aim of connecting taxi drivers’ everyday work experiences to company and sector practices, and with various regulatory arenas, including municipal licensing, taxation and car insurance. In this paper, the analysis draws from in-depth interviews at these different levels: with taxi and ride-hail drivers, with taxi and ride-hail managers, and with key informants in government, law, insurance, tax and elsewhere.
The paper identifies features and impacts of municipal deregulation in the era of on-demand taxi services, focusing on a large Canadian city in a province where municipal authorities regulate the vehicle-for-hire sector. The research identified regulatory changes that included removing centralized taxi vehicle inspections, cancelling mandatory driver training, and instigating rapid changes to competition in the taxi workforce by issuing unlimited numbers of ride-hail licenses. Our analysis indicates that regulatory changes adopted by the city administration have compounded work vulnerabilities and hazards for taxi drivers, while extending hazardous conditions to ride-hail drivers. These hazards suggest the need for interventions at a range of levels, actors and agencies, rather than solely by city licensing officials.
Keywords:
- municipal licensing,
- occupational health and safety,
- self-employment,
- taxi,
- ride-hail,
- Uber,
- Lyft
Résumé
Plusieurs grandes villes nord-américaines possèdent la juridiction sur les règlements qui déterminent l’emploi et les conditions de santé et de sécurité au travail des chauffeurs indépendants de taxi et de voiturage, comme Uber et Lyft. Cependant, il existe peu de recherche sur les effets de ces politiques et règlements municipaux sur les conditions de santé au travail des chauffeurs de taxi. Au Canada, la plupart d’entre eux sont des travailleurs indépendants et se trouvent, par conséquent, exclus des droits en santé et sécurité au travail, tout comme de l’indemnisation des accidentés. De plus, les régimes municipaux qui allouent les permis de taxi ont récemment été forcés à changer leurs règlements d’allocation à la suite des fortes pressions de nouvelles compagnies offrant des services de hélage électronique, notamment Uber.
Notre étude fait partie d’une recherche plus vaste qui porte sur les conditions de santé et de sécurité au travail des chauffeurs de taxi et de voiturage. Nous utilisons une méthode de recherche multidimensionnelle qui vise à établir des liens entre l’expérience quotidienne des chauffeurs, les pratiques des compagnies et les secteurs administratifs qui supervisent les règlements et les lois, entre autres l’allocation des permis, les taxes et les assurances automobiles. Notre analyse se base sur des entrevues de fond avec des chauffeurs, des gestionnaires de taxi et d’Uber, ainsi qu’avec des intervenants-clés dans les sphères gouvernementale, légale et de l’assurance. Nous avons centré notre analyse sur une grande ville canadienne située dans une province où les municipalités administrent le secteur du taxi.
Nous identifions les caractéristiques et les impacts de la déréglementation au niveau municipal dans le contexte de la montée des nouveaux services de hélage électronique sur demande. L’article identifie trois aspects de la déréglementation : 1- l’annulation des inspections de véhicules de taxi; 2- l’annulation de la formation obligatoire des chauffeurs de taxi : et 3- la transformation brusque du marché de taxi puisque le nombre de permis de voiturage alloué n’est plus plafonné. Ces changements aggravent les vulnérabilités et les risques reliés au travail des chauffeurs de taxi et de voiturage. Ces risques accrus nécessitent des interventions non seulement au niveau municipal, mais aussi des autorités compétentes aux niveaux provincial et fédéral.
Mots-clés:
- permis municipaux,
- santé et sécurité au travail,
- travailleurs autonomes,
- taxi,
- service de hélage électronique,
- voiturage,
- Uber,
- Lyft
Appendices
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