Abstracts
Abstract
In Ontario, hours of work and overtime standards are regulated by the Employment Standards Act (ESA). This legislation covers most employers and employees in the province. As part of an ESA reforms process designed to promote workplace flexibility and enhance competitiveness, the Ontario ESA (2000) allowed for the extension of weekly maximum hours from 48 to 60, and the calculation of overtime pay entitlements to be based on an averaging of hours of work over up to a four-week period.
Situated in the context of shifts towards greater working time flexibility, this paper examines the dynamics of working time regulation in the Ontario ESA, with a specific focus on the regulation of excess and overtime hours. The paper considers these processes in relation to general trends towards forms of labour market regulation that support employer-oriented flexibility and that download the regulation of employment standards to privatized negotiations between individual employees and their employers, tendencies present in the ESA that were sustained through further reforms introduced in 2018 and 2019.
The paper draws its analysis from interviews with both workers in precarious jobs and Employment Standards Officers from the Ontario Ministry of Labour (MOL), as well as administrative data from the MOL and archival records. In the general context of the rise of precarious employment, the paper argues that ESA hours of work and overtime provisions premised upon creating working time flexibility enhance employer control over time, exacerbate time pressures and uncertainty experienced by workers in precarious jobs, and thereby intensify conditions of precariousness. The article situates the working time provisions of Ontario’s ESA in the context of an ongoing fragmentation of the regulation of working time as legislated standards are eroded in ways that make workers in precarious jobs more vulnerable to employer exploitation.
Keywords:
- working time,
- employment standards,
- precarious work,
- Ontario
Résumé
En Ontario, les normes minimales relatives à la durée du travail et aux heures supplémentaires sont régies par la Loi sur les normes du travail (Employment Standards Act en anglais, dorénavant la Loi). Cette dernière s’applique chez plusieurs employeurs et elle touche bien des employés de la province. Se situant dans un processus de réformes visant à promouvoir la flexibilité au travail et accroître la compétitivité, la Loi promulguée en 2000 par le gouvernement de l’Ontario permet une extension de 48 à 60 le maximum d’heures hebdomadaires et de rémunérer les heures supplémentaires en se fondant sur une moyenne des heures travaillées au cours des quatre dernières semaines.
Ayant pour contexte le virage vers davantage de flexibilité dans la gestion du temps de travail, cet article examine la dynamique de la réglementation de cette loi, notamment celle portant sur les heures excédentaires et supplémentaires. Notre étude examine ces processus en tenant compte de la réglementation généralisée du marché du travail qui accorde une plus grande flexibilité aux employeurs et étend celle des normes du travail aux négociations individuelles entre employés et employeurs, tendance présente dans la Loi de 2000 qui fut renforcée par les récentes réformes introduites en 2018 et 2019.
Cet article se fonde sur des entretiens avec des travailleurs occupant des emplois précaires et des agents des normes d’emploi du ministère du Travail de l’Ontario, ainsi que sur des données administratives de ce ministère et des dossiers d’archives. Dans le contexte général d’une croissance de la précarisation de l’emploi, il soutient que les dispositions de la Loi relatives aux heures de travail et aux heures supplémentaires qui visent une plus grande flexibilité du temps de travail contribuent, avec le temps, à augmenter le contrôle de l’employeur, à exacerber les contraintes de temps et à accroître l’incertitude vécue par les travailleurs occupant des emplois précaires, donc à entraîner une plus grande précarisation. L’article situe les dispositions de cette loi ontarienne sur le temps de travail dans le contexte d’une fragmentation continue de la réglementation, les normes légales conduisant à une privatisation et une individualisation du temps de travail, deux phénomènes qui rendent les travailleurs précaires plus vulnérables à l’exploitation des employeurs.
Mots-clés:
- temps de travail,
- normes minimales de travail,
- travail précaire,
- Ontario
Appendices
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