Abstracts
Abstract
This study examines the ethical management of workers with disability (WWD) employed at two social enterprises in Australia. Viewed largely through the spectrum of institutionally-based conflict in the employment relationship, this research draws on a framework of situated moral agency (Wilcox, 2012) to establish the ways in which WWD are afforded opportunities to engage in work and how managers and supervisors practise situated moral agency at the workplace. A qualitative case study approach is used with 62 participants through semi-structured interviews and focus groups.
Key findings demonstrate supervisors constantly have to reshape and reinterpret human resource management (HRM) policies and practices to exercise and extend moral agency. This phenomenon suggests contradictions between moral agency and ethical management practice within current HRM regimes. The key message of the paper is that HRM does not always support the ethical management of WWD.
Consequently, we question the ethical nature of contemporary HRM policy and practice for WWD, and argue for further research to unpack ethical ways to more effectively support WWD in the workplace. For WWD to be included at work, achieve life skills and their goals, managers and supervisors need to engage with their moral agency. Finally, we draw implications for management and employment relations theory and practice.
Keywords:
- disability,
- ethical management,
- human resource management,
- moral agency,
- social enterprises
Résumé
Cette étude examine la gestion éthique des travailleurs avec handicap (TAH) employés dans deux entreprises sociales en Australie. Prenant appui sur la relation d’emploi, cette recherche s’inspire du cadre théorique de l’agence morale locale (Wilcox, 2012) pour établir de quelle manière les TAH se voient offrir des possibilités de s’engager dans leur travail, ainsi que comment les gestionnaires et les superviseurs mettent de l’avant les principes de l’action morale située (en anglais, situated moral agency) dans leur milieu de travail. Pour ce faire, nous avons eu recours à une étude de cas qualitative auprès de 62 participants au moyen d’entretiens semi-structurés et de groupes de discussion.
Les principales observations sont à l’effet que les superviseurs doivent constamment remodeler et réinterpréter les politiques et les pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines (GRH) afin de mieux exercer et étendre leurs pratiques d’action morale. Ce faisant, nous trouvons des contradictions entre l’action morale et les pratiques de gestion éthique dans les régimes actuels de GRH. Le message-clé de l’article est que la GRH ne soutient pas toujours la gestion éthique de TAH.
Par conséquent, nous remettons en question la nature éthique des politiques et pratiques contemporaines de GRH envers les TAH et plaidons en faveur de la poursuite de recherches afin de découvrir des moyens éthiques permettant de soutenir plus efficacement les TAH en milieu de travail. Si l’on veut que les TAH se sentent intégrés dans leur travail, acquièrent les compétences de la vie courante et atteignent leurs objectifs, les gestionnaires et les superviseurs doivent s’engager davantage au niveau de leur action morale. En conclusion, nous dégageons les implications pour la théorie et la pratique en matière de gestion et de relations de travail.
Mots-clés:
- handicap,
- gestion éthique,
- gestion des ressources humaines,
- action morale,
- entreprises sociales
Resumen
Este estudio examina la gestión ética de los casos de trabajadores con discapacidad (TCD) empleados en dos empresas sociales en Australia. Visto más ampliamente a través del espectro de conflictos de base institucional en la relación laboral, esta investigación se inspira del cuadro teórico del discernimiento moral contextualizado (situated moral agency) (WIlcox, 2012) para examinar de qué manera los TCD disponen de oportunidades para participar en el trabajo y cómo los gerentes y supervisores ponen en práctica el discernimiento moral contextualizado en el lugar de trabajo. Un enfoque cualitativo de estudio de caso es utilizado con 62 participantes mediante entrevistas semi-estructuradas y focus groups.
Los resultados principales demuestran que los supervisores deben constantemente remodelar y reinterpretar las políticas y las prácticas de gestión de recursos humanos (GRH) para ejercer y desplegar el discernimiento moral. Este fenómeno sugiere contradicciones entre la intervención moral y las prácticas de gestión éticas con los regímenes actuales de GRH. El mensaje clave de este artículo es que la GRH no siempre apoya la gestión ética de los casos de TCD.
Por consecuencia, se cuestiona la naturaleza ética de las políticas y prácticas de GRH respecto a los casos de TCD y se aboga por una mayor investigación para descubrir formas éticas que apoyen más eficazmente los TCD en el lugar de trabajo. Para impulsar la integración de TCD en el trabajo, la obtención de competencias de vida y el logro de sus objetivos, los gerentes y supervisores deben implicarse con su discernimiento moral. Para terminar, se formulan implicaciones respecto a la gestión y respecto a la teoría y practica de relaciones laborales.
Palabras claves:
- discapacidad,
- gestión ética,
- gestión de recursos humanos,
- discernimiento moral,
- empresas sociales
Appendices
References
- Australian Department of Human Services (2017) Accessibility Plan 2013-2017. https://www.ndis.gov.au/document/our-accessibility-action-plan-2013-20172017.
- Beadle, Ron and Geoff Moore (2006) “MacIntyre on Virtue and Organization.” Organization Studies, 27 (3), 323-340.
- Bandura, Albert, ed. (1991) Social Cognitive Theory of Moral Thought and Action (Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Bandura, Albert (2001) “Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective.”Annual Review of Psychology, 52 (1), 1-26.
- Bandura, Albert (2002) “Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency.” Journal of Moral Education, 31 (2), 101-120.
- Cavanagh, Jillian, Hannah Meacham, Timothy Bartram, Jodi Oakman, Christine Bigby and Ellie Fossey (2017) “Supporting Workers with Disabilities: A Scoping Review of the Role of Human Resource Management in Contemporary Organisations”. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 55 (1), 6-43.
- Cimera, Robert (2010) “National Cost Efficiency of Supported Employees with Intellectual Disabilities: 2002 to 2007.” American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 115 (1), 19-29.
- Cook, Judith A. and Jane K. Burke-Miller (2015) “Reasons for Job Separations in a Cohort of Workers with Psychiatric Disabilities.” Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 52 (4), 371-384.
- Cox, Eva (1996) “Leading Women. Tactics for Making the Difference.” Milsons Point: Random House Australia, Pty Ltd.
- Cox, Taylor (1993) Cultural Diversity in Organizations: Theory, Reason and Practice. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
- Dass, Parshotam and Barbara Parker (1999) “Strategies for Managing Human Resource Diversity: From Resistance to Learning.” The Academy of Management Executive, 13 (2), 68-80.
- De Gama, Nadia, Steve McKenna, and Amanda Peticca-Harris (2012) “An Alternative Approach to Ethical HRM through the Discourse and Lived Experiences of HR Professionals.” Journal of Business Ethics, 111 (1), 97-108.
- Denzin, Norman K. and Yvonna S. Lincoln (2000). “Strategies of Inquiry.” Handbook of Qualitative Research, Los Angeles and London: Sage Publications, p. 367-378.
- Doctor, Jason N., J. Castro, N. R. Temkin, R. T. Fraser, J. E. Machamer, and S. S. Dikmen (2005) “Workers’ Risk of Unemployment after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Normed Comparison.” Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11 (1), 747-752.
- Dundon, Tony and Anthony Rafferty (2018) “The (Potential) Demise of HRM?” Human Resource Management Journal, 28 (3), 377-391.
- Foster, Deborah (2007) “Legal Obligation or Personal Lottery? Employee Experiences of Disability and the Negotiation of Adjustments in the Public Sector Workplace.” Work, Employment and Society, 21 (1), 67-84.
- Fujimoto, Yuka, Ruth Rentschler, Huong Le, David Edwards, and Charmine E. Härtel (2014) “Lessons Learned from Community Organizations: Inclusion of People with Disabilities and Others.” British Journal of Management, 25 (3), 518-537.
- Fuller, Jeff, Jane Edwards, Nicholas Procter and John Moss (2000) “How Definition of Mental Health Problems Can Influence Help Seeking in Rural and Remote Communities.” Australian Journal of Rural Health, 8, 148-153.
- Gray, Kurt and Daniel. M.Wegner (2009) “Moral Typecasting: Divergent Perceptions of Moral Agents and Moral Patients.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96 (3), 505-520.
- Greenwood, Michelle R. (2002) “Ethics and HRM: A Review and Conceptual Analysis.” Journal of Business Ethics, 36 (3), 1261-278.
- Greenwood, Michelle R. and John Simmons (2004) “A Stakeholder Approach to Ethical Human Resource Management.” Business and Professional Ethics Journal, 23 (3), 3-23.
- Groschl, Stefan (2007) “An Exploration of HR Policies and Practices affecting the Integration of Persons with Disabilities in the Hotel Industry in Major Canadian Tourism Destinations.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26 (3), 666-686.
- Guest, David E. and Christopher Woodrow (2012) “Exploring the Boundaries of Human Resource Managers’ Responsibilities.” Journal of Business Ethics, 111 (1), 109-119.
- Hoque, Kim, Nick Bacon and Dave Parr (2014) “Employer Disability Practice in Britain: Assessing the Impact of the Positive about Disabled People ‘Two Ticks’ Symbol.” Work, Employment and Society, 28 (3), 430-451.
- Humphries, Maria and Shayne Grice (1995) “Equal Employment Opportunity and the Management of Diversity: A Global Discourse of Assimilation?”. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 8 (5), 17-32.
- Kaufman, Bruce E. (2015) “Market Competition, HRM, and Firm Performance: The Conventional Paradigm Critiqued and Reformulated.” Human Resource Management, 25, 107-125.
- Lagerveld, Suzanne E., Ute Bultmann, Renne-Louse Franche, Frank Jan van Dijk, , Moniek C. Vlasveld, Christina M. van der Feltz-Cornelis, D.J. Bruinvels, J. J. Huijs, R. W. Blonk, J. J. van der Klink, and K. Nieuwenhuijsen (2010) “Factors Associated with Work Participation and Work Functioning in Depressed Workers: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 20 (3), 275-292.
- Lerner, Debra, David A. Adler, Hong Chang, Leueen Lapitsky, Maggie Y. Hood, and Carla Perissinotto (2004) “Unemployment, Job Retention, and Productivity Loss among Employees with Depression.” [Empirical Study; Followup Study; Quantitative Study]. Psychiatric Services, 55 (12), 1371-1378.
- Lowry, Diannah (2006) “HR Managers as Ethical Decision-Makers: Mapping the Terrain.” Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 44 (2), 171-183.
- Luecking, Richard G., Lisa Cuozzo, and LaVerne Buchanan (2006) “Demand-Side Workforce Needs and the Potential for Job Customization.” Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 37 (4), 5-13.
- MacDonald-Wilson, Kim L., Sally E. Rogers, Joseph M. Massaro, Asya Lyass, and Tim Crean (2002) “An Investigation of Reasonable Workplace Accommodations for People with Psychiatric Disabilities: Quantitative Findings from a Multi-Site Study.” Community Mental Health Journal, 38, 35-50.
- MacIntyre, Alasdair (1999) “Social Structures and their Threats to Moral Agency.” Philosophy, 74, 311-329.
- MacIntyre, Alasdair (2007) After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (2nd ed.). London: Duckworth.
- McKenna, Richard and Eva Tsahuridu (2001) “Must Managers Leave Ethics at Home? Economics and Moral Anomie in Business Organisations.” Reason in Practice, 13, 67-75.
- Meacham, Hannah, Jillian Cavanagh, Timothy Bartram, and Amie Shaw (2018) “Ethical Management in the Hotel Sector: Creating an Authentic Work Experience for Workers with Intellectual Disabilities”, Journal of Business Ethics (in-press).
- Meacham, Hannah, Jillian Cavanagh, Timothy Bartram, and Amie Shaw (2017) “HRM Practices that Support the Employment and Social Inclusion of Workers with an Intellectual Disability”, Personnel Review, 46 (8), 1475-1492.
- Negri, Laura (2009) “Why Has a Woman with Mental Illness been Fired? Discourses on Fairness and Diversity Management.” Work, 33 (1), 35-42.
- Nemetz, Patricia L. and Sandra L. Christensen (1996) “The Challenge of Cultural Diversity: Harnessing a Diversity of Views to Understand Multiculturalism.” Academy of Management Review, 21 (2), 434-462.
- Roessler, Richard, Mary Hennessey, Jeanne Neath, Phillip Rumrill, and Steven Nissen (2011) “The Employment Discrimination Experiences of Adults with Multiple Sclerosis.” Journal of Rehabilitation, 77 (1), 20-30.
- Roessler, Richard T., Jessica E. Hurley, and Brian. T. McMahon (2010) “A Comparison of Allegations and Resolutions Involving Issues of Discharge Versus Constructive Discharge: Implications for Diversity Management.” Advances in Developing Human Resources, 12 (4), 407-428.
- Schalock, Robert A., Ruth Luckasson, Karrie Shogren, Sharon Borthwick-Duffy, and V. Bradley (2007) “The Renaming of Mental Retardation: Understanding the Change to the Term Intellectual Disability.” Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 45 (2), 116-124.
- Schensul, Jean J. (1999) Enhanced Ethnographic Methods: Audiovisual Techniques, Focused Group Interviews and Elicitation Techniques. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
- Van der Ploeg, Hidde, Allard Van der Beek, Luc. H. Van der Woude, and Willem Van Mechelen (2004) “Physical Activity for People with a Disability: A Conceptual Model.” Sports Medicine, 34 (10), 639-649.
- Weaver, Gary. (2006) “Virtue in Organizations: Moral Identity as a Foundation for Moral Agency.” Organization Studies, 27 (3), 341-368.
- Weber, Robert P. (1985) Basic Content Analysis. Beverly Hills CA: Sage.
- Wilcox, Tracy (2012) “Human Resource Management in a Compartmentalized World: Whither Moral Agency? “ Journal of Business Ethics, 111 (1), 85-96.
- World Health Organization (2002-2004) World Health Survey. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- World Health Organization (2011) World Report on Disability. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- Yang, Yang and Allison I. M. Konrad (2011) “Understanding Diversity Management Practices: Implications of Institutional Theory and Resource-Based Theory.” Group Organization Management, 36 (1), 6-38.