Abstracts
Abstract
The fact that Aboriginal peoples in Canada have experienced sizable and persistent earnings disadvantages is well documented. However, the most recent estimates of Aboriginal-non-Aboriginal wage differentials utilize data from the 2006 Census. The present analysis seeks to address this gap by providing more recent estimates of Aboriginal earnings disparities for various groups of full-time, full-year workers using data from the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS).
We estimate and decompose Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal wage gaps at the mean for a number of different Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal groups living on- and off- reserve. We find that, consistent with previous literature, Aboriginal peoples continue to experience sizable earnings disparities relative to their non-Aboriginal counterparts. We find that Aboriginal Identity respondents living on-reserve experience the largest earnings disparity, followed by males who identify as First Nations and live off-reserve. Respondents who report Aboriginal ancestry, but who do not identify as Aboriginal persons, experience the smallest earnings disadvantage.
Results of the decomposition analysis reveal that, unsurprisingly, educational attainment is the most salient factor contributing to the explained portion of the earnings disparity between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Canadians. Somewhat disconcerting, we find that where wage disparities are the largest, the explained proportion of the gap tends to be the smallest. Although previous studies can only serve as a rough comparator, relative to earlier estimates of Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal wage differentials using previous census periods, we find that earnings disparities among Aboriginal ancestry groups have remained relatively constant; wage gaps for Aboriginal identity groups have narrowed slightly; while the earnings disadvantage has widened for Aboriginal identity persons living on-reserve.
Research and policy programs aimed at improving educational attainment and access to employment among Indigenous peoples are likely worthwhile initiatives. However, more research is needed on the potential role of discrimination in contributing to the persistent earnings disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous persons in Canada.
Keywords:
- Indigenous Peoples,
- labour market outcomes,
- employment,
- earnings
Résumé
Le fait que les peuples autochtones du Canada connaissent des écarts salariaux importants et persistants est bien documenté. Toutefois, les dernières estimations des écarts salariaux entre Autochtones et Non-Autochtones reposent sur les données du Recensement de 2006. La présente analyse vise à fournir des estimations plus récentes des écarts salariaux chez les Autochtones, et cela pour diverses catégories de travailleurs à temps plein toute l’année, à l’aide des données de l’Enquête nationale auprès des ménages (ENM) de 2011.
Pour ce faire, nous estimons et décomposons la moyenne des écarts salariaux entre Autochtones et Non-Autochtones pour divers groupes autochtones et non autochtones vivant en réserve et hors réserve. Nous avons constaté que, conformément à la littérature existante, les Autochtones continuent de subir des écarts salariaux importants par rapport à leurs homologues non-autochtones. Nous constatons que les répondants qui se déclarent Autochtones vivant en réserve connaissent les plus grands écarts salariaux, suivis en cela des répondants qui se déclarent Autochtones vivant hors réserve. Les répondants qui déclarent avoir une ascendance autochtone, mais qui ne s’identifient pas comme Autochtones affichent, quant à eux, les écarts salariaux les moins prononcés.
Sans surprise, les résultats de l’analyse de décomposition de la moyenne des écarts salariaux révèlent que le niveau de scolarité est de loin le facteur qui contribue le plus à la portion expliquée des écarts salariaux entre les Autochtones et Non-Autochtones du Canada. Quelque peu déconcertante, toutefois, est l’observation que, là où les écarts salariaux sont les plus importants, la portion expliquée de l’écart tend aussi à être la plus faible. Bien que les études antérieures ne puissent fournir que des comparaisons approximatives, par rapport aux estimations des écarts salariaux entre Autochtones et Non-Autochtones obtenues sur la base des périodes de recensement précédentes, nous constatons que les écarts salariaux chez les groupes d’ascendance autochtone sont demeurés relativement constants; tandis que les écarts salariaux pour les groupes d’identité autochtone ont légèrement fléchi; alors que les écarts salariaux se sont accrus pour les personnes d’identité autochtone vivant en réserve.
Les programmes de recherche et de politique visant à améliorer le niveau d’instruction et l’accès à l’emploi chez les personnes autochtones constituent des initiatives valables. Cependant, il faudra davantage de recherches sur le rôle potentiel de la discrimination pour comprendre les écarts salariaux persistants entre Autochtones et Non-Autochtones au Canada.
Mots-clés:
- peuples autochtones,
- situation sur le marché du travail,
- emploi,
- salaire,
- écart
Resumen
El hecho que los pueblos aborígenes en Canadá hayan experimentado desventajas salariales cuantificables y persistentes ha sido bien documentado. Sin embargo las estimaciones más recientes de los diferenciales salariales entre aborígenes y no aborígenes utilizan datos del Censo de 2006. El presente análisis enfoca dicha brecha, según diferentes grupos, proporcionando estimaciones más recientes de las disparidades de ingreso de los aborígenes que trabajan a tiempo completo, durante todo el año. Se utiliza para ello los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENH) de 2011.
Estimamos y descomponemos las diferencias salariales entre aborígenes y no aborígenes, que viven dentro y fuera de las reservas. Constatamos que, en concordancia con la literatura previa, los pueblos aborígenes siguen experimentando considerables disparidades de ingresos en comparación con sus contrapartes no aborígenes. Se muestra también que las personas encuestadas de identidad aborigen que viven en una reserva experimentan la más grande disparidad de ingresos, seguidos de los hombres que se identifican originarios de las Primeras Naciones y que viven fuera de la reserva. Los participantes que revelan tener ancestros aborígenes, pero que no se identifican como personas aborígenes, experimentan menos desventaja de ingresos.
Los resultados de los análisis de descomposición revelan que, como era de esperar, el logro educativo es el factor más destacado que contribuye a la explicación de la disparidad de ingresos entre canadienses aborígenes y no aborígenes. De manera desconcertante, constatamos que donde las disparidades salariales son más grandes, la proporción explicada de dicha brecha tiende a ser más pequeña. Aunque los estudios previos no pueden ser utilizados para fines de comparación, encontramos que las disparidades de ingresos entre aborígenes y no aborígenes se han mantenido relativamente contantes; las brechas salariales de los grupos de identidad aborígenes se han reducido ligeramente; mientras que la desventaja de ganancias se ha ampliado para los aborígenes que viven en la reserva.
Los programas de investigación y políticas destinados a mejorar el logro educativo y el acceso al empleo de los pueblos aborígenes son iniciativas que valen la pena. Sin embargo, se necesita más investigaciones sobre el rol potencial de la discriminación en la contribución a las persistentes disparidades salariales entre personas aborígenes y no aborígenes en Canadá.
Palabras clave:
- Pueblos aborígenes,
- situación del mercado de trabajo,
- empleo,
- remuneración
Appendices
Appendices
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