Abstracts
Abstract
This paper focuses on safety on multi-employer worksites in high-risk industries. Relevant industries are those that utilize flexible labour arrangements and specialization, such as construction, mining and petroleum production, and that traditionally have been high-risk due to hazards in the physical work environment and the occurrence of unsafe work processes and practices. These industries also share common characteristics in matters of overall work environments, multi-employer worksites (including subcontracting chains), as well as tasks performed by contractors, making it relevant to explore and clarify the situation regarding the safety of the affected groups. A comprehensive review is performed of 43 peer-reviewed research articles published up until early 2015, with a main focus on international studies covering safety issues on multi-employer worksites in construction and industrial work settings such as mining, petroleum production and manufacturing.
The results show that previous research has focused on a number of key issues that may be divided into three broad categories: 1- contract work characteristics; 2- structural/organizational factors and conditions; 3- cultural conditions. Much of the focus is on structure and organization, for example, how multi-employer arrangements can lead to breakdowns in communication and overall disorganization effects in relation to safety. There is, however, a need for further studies on the nature of these structural and organizational factors and conditions, such as focused studies on the consequences of power asymmetry for the ability of contractors to adhere to safety laws and regulations. Furthermore, we argue that the development towards blurred organizational boundaries in these networks due to extensive outsourcing and long-term contracts may be a worthwhile avenue for future research into safety on multi-employer worksites.
Keywords:
- safety,
- multi-employer worksites,
- outsourcing,
- subcontracting,
- contractors
Résumé
Cet article se concentre sur les mesures de sécurité dans les chantiers multi- employeurs d’industries à hauts risques. Les industries concernées sont celles qui font appel à l’organisation du travail flexible et à la spécialisation, telles que la construction, l’activité minière et l’industrie pétrolière, et qui sont traditionnellement reconnues comme comportant des risques élevés à la santé à cause des dangers inhérents à l’environnement physique du travail et à l’existence de pratiques et de processus de travail non sécuritaires. Ces industries ont aussi en commun certaines caractéristiques en matière d’environnement de travail général dans des milieux de travail multi-employeurs (incluant des chaînes de sous-contractants), de même qu’en matière d’activités exercées par les entrepreneurs, justifiant ainsi le besoin d’explorer et de clarifier la situation en regard de la sécurité au travail des groupes affectés. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené un examen approfondi de 43 articles de recherches évalués par des pairs et publiés jusqu’au début avril 2015, avec une attention particulière envers les études internationales couvrant les questions de sécurité au travail dans des milieux multi-employeurs dans la construction et dans des secteurs industriels, telles l’activité minière, la production pétrolière et l’activité manufacturière.
Les résultats indiquent que ces recherches ont jusqu’ici identifié un certain nombre d’enjeux-clés qui peuvent être regroupés en trois grandes catégories : 1- les caractéristiques du contrat de travail; 2- les conditions et les facteurs structurels et organisationnels; 3- les conditions culturelles. L’attention principale porte sur les dimensions structurelles et organisationnelles, à savoir comment les dispositions multi-employeurs peuvent conduire à des ruptures dans la communication et à des effets de désorganisation générale en matière de sécurité au travail. Il y a, également, un besoin de poursuivre les études sur la nature de ces facteurs et de ces conditions structurelles et organisationnelles, notamment la réalisation d’études portant sur les conséquences de l’asymétrie de pouvoir et sur la capacité des entrepreneurs d’adhérer aux règlementations et aux lois en matière de sécurité au travail. De plus, nous soutenons que la croissance de frontières organisationnelles floues dans ces réseaux, en raison de l’existence d’une importante sous-traitance et de contrats à long terme, devrait se révéler une avenue prometteuse pour les futures recherches sur la sécurité au travail dans des milieux multi-employeurs.
Mots-clés:
- sécurité au travail,
- lieux de travail multi-employeurs,
- impartition,
- sous-traitance,
- entrepreneur
Resumen
Este artículo focaliza las medidas de seguridad en los empleos multi-patronales de las industrias a alto riesgo. Se trata de las industrias que utilizan la organización de trabajo flexible y la especialización, tales como la construcción, la actividad minera y la producción petrolera, tradicionalmente reconocidas como actividades de alto riesgo debido a los peligros inherentes al entorno físico del trabajo y a la existencia de prácticas y procesos de trabajo inseguros. Estas industrias comparten también ciertas características comunes en materia de ambiente general de trabajo, los empleos multi-patronales (incluyendo las cadenas de subcontratación) así como las actividades ejercidas por los contratistas, confirmando así la pertinencia de explorar y esclarecer la situación respecto a la seguridad ocupacional de los grupos afectados. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un estudio exhaustivo de 43 artículos científicos publicados hasta principios de 2015, con un énfasis particular en los estudios internacionales que cubren las cuestiones de seguridad ocupacional en los empleos multi-patronales del sector de la construcción, así como de las industrias minera, petrolera y manufacturera.
Los resultados muestran que las investigaciones anteriores se han centrado en una serie de cuestiones claves que pueden ser reagrupados en tres grandes categorías: 1) las características del contrato de trabajo; 2) las condiciones y factores estructurales y organizacionales; 3) las condiciones culturales. La atención principal es puesta en las dimensiones estructurales y organizaciones, así, por ejemplo, cómo los acuerdos entre múltiples empleadores pueden conducir a rupturas en la comunicación y provocar efectos de desorganización general en materia de seguridad. Se constata, sin embargo, la necesidad de continuar los estudios sobre la naturaleza de dichos factores y las condiciones estructurales y organizacionales, y de realizar estudios sobre las consecuencias de la asimetría de poder y la capacidad de los contratistas de adherir a las leyes y reglamentaciones en materia de seguridad ocupacional. Es más, sostenemos que el crecimiento de fronteras organizacionales nebulosas en esas redes, debido a la amplitud de impartición externa y de los contratos a largo tiempo, puede constituir una vía prometedora para futuras investigaciones sobre la seguridad ocupacional en los lugares de trabajo multi-patronales.
Palabras claves:
- seguridad ocupacional,
- lugares de trabajo multi-empleadores,
- impartición,
- sub-contratación,
- contratistas
Appendices
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