Abstracts
Abstract
Migrant workers in China are a distinctive group due to the existence of the hukou system under which they continue to face restrictions on housing, education, and health care in urban areas. The equal employment legislation does not solve the discrimination problems. Compared with their urban counterparts, migrant workers are more vulnerable, in terms of both precarity of employment and the occupational hazards that they are exposed to, and badly need OHS protection. Any weakness of OHS regime will have a disproportionately adverse effect on migrant workers.
China’s OHS regime has been through constant evolution. The old prevention structure, which separated occupational health from occupational safety, was proved to be less effective in protecting migrant workers. In recognition of its deficiencies, China’s top legislature made adjustments to the OHS legal framework by enacting and updating a series of laws. The new prevention structure, unifying the occupational health administration and the occupational safety administration, represents a step forward in terms of OHS protection for migrant workers.
According to worker citizenship theory, China’s OHS regime can be categorized as a direct state regulation model. It carries with it both the strengths and weaknesses of direct state regulation models. On the participation rights dimension, the lack of consultative joint OHS committees and the lack of effective collective bargaining shut migrant workers out from the decision-making process on OHS matters. On the social rights dimension, the gendered and aged-based approach becomes a hindrance for female migrant workers and young migrant workers. Furthermore, levels of enforcement vary considerably across different periods and areas, subject to the ever-changing priorities on the government’s agenda. Migrant workers are still facing tremendous obstacles and challenges in obtaining access to adequate protection under the current OHS regime in China. Future reform measures should focus on delivering OHS protection for migrant workers in the informal sector, strengthening participation, and centralizing OHS administration, especially enforcement.
Keywords:
- migrant workers,
- protection,
- OHS regime,
- participation rights,
- social rights
Résumé
Les travailleurs migrants en Chine constituent un groupe distinctif à cause de l’existence du système Hukou en vertu duquel ils font face à des restrictions en matière de logement, d’éducation et de soins de santé dans les centres urbains. En comparaison de leurs homologues urbains, les travailleurs migrants sont plus vulnérables, tant en terme de précarité d’emploi qu’en termes de risques professionnels auxquels ils sont exposés, et, de ce fait, ils auraient un plus grand besoin de protection en matière de santé et sécurité au travail. En effet, toute défaillance dans ce type de protection est susceptible d’avoir des effets nocifs disproportionnés sur ces travailleurs.
Le système public de protection en matière de santé et sécurité au travail (SST) en Chine a connu une certaine évolution. L’ancienne structure de prévention, laquelle créait une distinction entre santé au travail et sécurité au travail, s’est avérée moins efficace dans la protection des travailleurs migrants. Reconnaissant ces lacunes, la législature d’État a procédé à plusieurs modifications légales du système de SST, en adoptant et mettant à jour une série de lois. La nouvelle structure de prévention qui en est résulté, en unifiant les deux administrations (santé professionnelle et sécurité au travail), a constitué une avancée en termes de santé et sécurité au travail pour les travailleurs migrants.
En vertu de la théorie de la citoyenneté du travailleur, le régime chinois de SST peut être catégorisé de modèle de régulation directe de l’État. À ce titre, il comporte les forces et les faiblesses de ce type de modèle. En ce qui a trait aux droits de participation, l’absence de comités conjoints consultatifs en matière de SST, de même que l’absence d’un régime de négociation collective efficace, excluent en pratique les travailleurs migrants du processus de décision en matière de SST. Quant aux droits sociaux, l’approche basée sur des distinctions de genre et d’âge constitue également un obstacle aux femmes et aux jeunes migrants. De plus, le degré d’application de la loi varie considérablement dans le temps et entre régions, un processus par ailleurs soumis aux changements constants de l’agenda des priorités gouvernementales. Aussi, les travailleurs migrants rencontrent-ils d’immenses obstacles et défis dans leur quête d’obtenir un accès à une protection adéquate sous le régime actuel de SST en Chine. En conséquence, les réformes à venir devraient mettre l’accent sur la couverture d’une protection pour les travailleurs migrants dans le secteur informel, le renforcement de la participation et la centralisation de l’administration du régime SST, surtout aux fins de son application.
Mots-clés:
- travailleurs migrants,
- protection,
- régime de santé et sécurité au travail (SST),
- droits de participation,
- droits sociaux
Resumen
Los trabajadores migrantes en China constituyen un grupo distinto a causa de la existencia del sistema Hukou que les impone restricciones en materia de alojamiento, educación y servicios de salud en los centros urbanos. Comparativamente a sus homólogos urbanos, los trabajadores migrantes son más vulnerables, tanto en términos de precariedad del empleo como en términos de riesgos ocupacionales a los cuales son expuestos, y por ende, ellos tendrían gran necesidad de protección en lo que respecta la salud y la seguridad ocupacional. En efecto, toda falla en este tipo de protección es susceptible de tener efectos nocivos desproporcionados sobre estos trabajadores.
El sistema público de protección respecto a la salud y seguridad ocupacional (SSO) en China ha conocido cierta evolución. La antigua estructura de prevención que creaba una distinción entre salud en el trabajo y seguridad ocupacional, se mostró menos eficaz en la protección de los trabajadores migrantes. Reconociendo estas lagunas, la legislación del Estado ha procedido a varias modificaciones legales del sistema de SSO, adoptando y poniendo al día una serie de leyes. La nueva estructura de prevención que resulta de la unificación de las dos administraciones (salud ocupacional y seguridad del trabajo) ha constituido un avance en términos de salud y seguridad ocupacional para los trabajadores migrantes.
Según la teoría de la ciudadanía del trabajador, el régimen chino de SSO puede ser categorizado como un modelo de regulación directa del Estado. A este título, conlleva fuerzas y debilidades de este tipo de modelo. En lo que concierne los derechos de participación, la ausencia de comités conjuntos consultativos en materia de SSO, así como la ausencia de un régimen de negociación colectiva eficaz, excluyen en la práctica los trabajadores migrantes del proceso de decisión en materia de SSO. En cuanto a los derechos sociales, el enfoque basado en las distinciones de género y edad constituye igualmente un obstáculo para las mujeres y los jóvenes migrantes. Además, los niveles de aplicación de la ley varían considerablemente según los periodos y ámbitos, un proceso que está sometido a los cambios constantes de prioridades gubernamentales. Así, los trabajadores migrantes siguen enfrentando enormes obstáculos y desafíos en su búsqueda de acceso a una protección adecuada bajo el régimen actual de SSO en China. Por consecuencia, las reformas a venir deberían centrarse en la cobertura de protección para los trabajadores migrantes en el sector informal, el refuerzo de la participación y la centralización de la administración del régimen de SSO, sobre todo con miras a su aplicación.
Palabras claves:
- trabajadores migrantes,
- protección,
- régimen de salud y seguridad ocupacional (SSO),
- derechos de participación,
- derechos sociales
Appendices
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