Abstracts
Abstract
Theoretical developments and case studies have started to explore the complexity and intricacies of new forms of labour regulation in Global Value Chains (GVCs). This paper builds on these to integrate what we know into a coherent framework that can guide practice and future research. We bring together existing knowledge on new forms of labour standards regulation—such as Private Social Standards (PSSs) and International Framework Agreements (IFAs)—into a framework that integrates and disentangles the contextual determinants, processes, regulatory mechanisms, and outcomes of such regulation in GVCs. Of special significance is the distinction between regulatory processes—vicarious voice, workers’ voice, coordinated international campaigns—, and regulatory mechanisms—IFAs and PSSs. Extant literature tends to deal with existing forms of regulation without much clarity on their respective roles. Our framework identifies two pathways from regulatory processes to regulatory mechanisms: the labour power and the customer power pathways. Our framework also establishes clear connections between concepts, underlining links of causality and moderating effects.
We explore the impact of value chain structure, and specifically, the connections between workers’ and vicarious voice, on regulatory outcomes. With regard to the structure of supply chains, we examine the coupling of operations and the sensitivity of value chain participants to reputational risk and drive within value chains. We add the significant dimension of ‘internal drive’ to existing understandings of drive to capture the possible internal discrepancies leading managers in multinational companies (MNCs) to apply mixed incentives to their suppliers to comply with labour standards. Additionally, we introduce the concept of ‘vicarious voice’, which we define as a situation where workers’ voice is substituted by that of actors who, unlike local unions or activist unionism, do not have a close representative link with workers. Vicarious voice may be composed of ethical consumerism, social advocacy, and international union federations.
Keywords:
- labour standards,
- voice,
- global value chains,
- regulation,
- drive
Résumé
Certains développements théoriques et des études de cas récentes ont commencé à explorer la complexité et les subtilités des nouvelles formes de régulation du travail dans les chaînes de valeur mondiales (CVM). À partir de ces analyses, le présent article cherche à intégrer ce que nous savons déjà dans un cadre cohérent qui puisse guider la pratique et la recherche à l’avenir. Nous y intégrons les connaissances actuelles sur les nouvelles formes de régulation du travail — telles les normes sociales privées (NSP) et les accords-cadres internationaux (ACI) — dans un cadre cohérent qui intègre, tout en les démêlant, les déterminants contextuels, processus et mécanismes de régulation, ainsi que les résultats de cette régulation dans les CVM. S’avère particulièrement importante la distinction entre les processus de régulation — tels la voix du salariat (workers’ voice en anglais), la voix par procuration (vicarious voice), les campagnes coordonnées au niveau international — et les mécanismes de régulation — tels les NSP et ACI. La littérature existante a tendance à traiter ces diverses formes de régulation sans grande nuance quant à leurs rôles respectifs. Notre cadre identifie deux avenues permettant de passer des processus de régulation aux mécanismes de régulation : le pouvoir des travailleurs et le pouvoir des consommateurs. Il établit également des connexions claires entre concepts, liens de causalité sous-jacents et effets modérateurs.
Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement à l’impact des structures des chaînes de valeur, des connexions entre voix du salariat et voix par procuration, sur les résultats de la régulation. En ce qui ce qui a trait aux structures des chaînes de valeur, nous examinons le couplage des opérations, la sensibilité des participants à l’intérieur de ces chaînes au risque à la réputation, ce qui procure une influence (drive en anglais) à l’intérieur de ces chaînes de valeurs. Nous ajoutons la dimension significative de « l’influence interne » aux termes déjà convenus du sens de l’influence, cela afin de mieux pouvoir saisir les divergences internes possibles pouvant conduire les gestionnaires principaux dans les multinationales à mettre en place divers types d’incitatifs pour leurs fournisseurs afin de satisfaire aux normes du travail. De plus, nous introduisons le concept de voix par procuration (vicarious voice en anglais), que nous définissons comme une situation dans laquelle le moyen traditionnel qu’est la voix du salariat — tel le syndicalisme local ou l’activisme syndical en tant qu’agent de représentation des travailleurs — se voit remplacé par des acteurs qui n’ont pas de lien de proximité avec les travailleurs. La « voix par procuration » peut s’exprimer par le consumérisme éthique, les groupes de pression sociale, ou les fédérations syndicales internationales.
Mots-clés :
- normes du travail,
- voix,
- chaines de valeurs mondiales,
- règlementation,
- influence (drive en anglais)
Resumen
Los avances teóricos y los estudios de casos han comenzado a explorar la complejidad y las complicaciones de las nuevas formas de regulación del trabajo en las cadenas globales de valor (CGV, Global Value Chains). Este artículo se basa sobre estos avances para integrar esos conocimientos en un modelo coherente que pueda guiar la práctica y las futuras investigaciones. Integramos así el conocimiento existente sobre las nuevas formas de regulación de las normas de trabajo — tal que las Estándares sociales privados(ESPs) y los acuerdos marco internacionales (AMIs) — dentro de un modelo que integra y esclarece los determinantes contextuales, los procesos, los mecanismos de regulación, y los resultados de dicha regulación en las CGVs. Se destaca, de manera especialmente significativa, la distinción entre los procesos de regulación — voz vicaria, voz de los trabajadores, campañas internacionales coordinadas — y los mecanismos de regulación (ESP y AMIs). La vasta literatura tiende a tratar las formas existentes de regulación sin mucha claridad en cuanto a sus roles respectivos. Nuestro modelo identifica dos vías que conducen los procesos de regulación hacia los mecanismos de regulación: la vía del poder laboral y la del poder de los consumidores. Nuestro modelo establece también conexiones claras entre los conceptos, enfatizando los vínculos de causalidad y los efectos moderadores.
Exploramos específicamente el impacto sobre los resultados regulatorios de la estructura de las cadenas de valor, las conexiones entre la voz de los trabajadores y la voz vicaria. Con respecto a la estructura de las cadenas de suministro, examinamos el acoplamiento de las operaciones, la sensibilidad de los participantes de las cadenas de valor a arriesgar su reputación y respecto al poder de influencia (drive) ejercido dentro de las cadenas de valor. Agregamos la dimensión significativa de « poder de influencia interna » (internal drive) a la comprensión existente del poder de influencia y capturar así las discrepancias internas posibles que conducen los directivos en las MNCs a aplicar incentivos mixtos a sus proveedores para cumplir con los requisitos de las normas laborales. Además, introducimos el concepto de « voz delegada » que definimos como una situación donde la voz de los trabajadores es substituida por la voz de otros actores quienes, a diferencia de los sindicatos locales o del sindicalismo activista, no tienen vínculos estrechos de representación con los trabajadores. La voz vicaria puede estar compuesta de representantes del consumismo ético, de defensores sociales y de federaciones sindicales internacionales.
Palabras clave:
- Normas laborales,
- voz,
- cadenas de valor globales,
- regulación,
- poder de influencia (drive)
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Appendices
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank the three anonymous reviewers of this paper who provided very useful comments and triggered the reflection that led to our final framework, and Chris F. Wright for helpful comments on a previous version.
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